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Which of the following democratic ideals is most directly reflected in the Declaration of Independence?
Social Contract
Federalism
Representation
Republicanism
Social Contract
The principles put forth in the first two paragraphs of the Declaration of Independence best serve as inspiration for which of the following?
The system of federalism dividing federal and state power
The movement to abolish slavery
The right to representative taxation
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights
Which of the following Enlightenment ideas most influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence?
John Locke’s Theory of resisting “the aggressor” from the Second Treatise on Government
Voltaire on the importance of civic action in Candide
Kant’s theory on the use of reason in What is Englightenment?
Montesquieu on the creation of government in Spirit of the Laws.
John Locke’s Theory of resisting “the aggressor” from the Second Treatise on Government
The belief in natural rights, as found in the Declaration of Independence, most directly impacted the development of which of the following?
The federal bureaucracy
Isolationist foreign policy
Internal efficacy
American political culture
American political culture
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness... That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,... That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it,...” -The Declaration of Independence, 1776
Which of the following Constitutional provisions reflect the sentiments expressed above in the Declaration of Independence?
The protection of civil rights embodies in the original Constitution
The Constitutional protection to keep and bear arms embedded in the original Constitution
The establishment of the House of Representatives under the original Constitution
The establishment of the Senate under the original Constitution
The establishment of the House of Representatives under the original Constitution
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness... That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,... That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it,..” -The Declaration of Independence, 1776 Over time the government of the United States struggled with fulfilling the promise that “all men are created equal, and are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights."
Which amendment below has done the most to fulfill the promise of equality embedded in the Declaration of Independence?
First Amendment
Fifth Amendment
Ninth Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment
14th amendment
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness... That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,... That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it,...” -The Declaration of Independence, 1776 \
Which of the following best reflects the sentiments of the excerpt above?
The ideal of limited government
The Social Contract
Federalism
Popular Sovereignty
The Social Contract
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the concept of popular sovereignty?
The states ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, ensuring liberty for all Black people and ending the practice of slavery in the United States.
The Supreme Court strikes down a law passed by Congress because it far extended their powers granted by the US Constitution.
The senator for the state of Maine proposes a bill to designate a post office in Augusta, Maine as the "Dorothea Dix Post Office."
The constituents in a congressional district vote to replace their representative in the House after she voted against a measure the district largely supported.
The constituents in a congressional district vote to replace their representative in the House after she voted against a measure the district largely supported.
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of representative democracies?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row C
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of participatory and elite democracies?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row A
The United States government is based on many different ideas, one of them being republicanism. Which quote from the Constitution best demonstrates the ideal of republicanism?
"The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments."
"The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes."
"The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States."
"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land."
"The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States."
Which of the following contemporary political scenarios best reflects the concept of elite democracy?
A Presidential ballots cast by the Electoral College.
Voters cast ballots in a popular referendum.
Voters bypass their state legislature and decide directly on a law by placing it on a ballot.
A yearly meeting held by the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organization (AFL-CIO).
Presidential ballots cast by the Electoral College.
“That there are important defects in the system of the Federal Government is acknowledged by the Acts of all those States, which have concurred in the present Meeting; That the defects, upon a closer examination, may be found greater and more numerous, than even these acts imply, is at least so far probable, from the embarrassments which characterize the present State of our national affairs, foreign and domestic, as may reasonably be supposed to merit a deliberate and candid discussion, in some mode, which will unite the Sentiments and Council's of all the States. In the choice of the mode, your Commissioners are of opinion, that a Convention of Deputies from the different States, for the special and sole purpose of entering into this investigation, and digesting a plan for supplying such defects as may be discovered to exist, will be entitled to a preference from considerations, which will occur, without being particularized.”
PROCEEDINGS OF COMMISSIONERS TO REMEDY DEFECTS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ANNAPOLIS IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND (The Annapolis Convention 1786)
Which of the following best represents the most significant of the “defects in the system of the Federal Government” under the Articles of Confederation that led delegates to attend this convention at Annapolis in 1786?
The inability of the government established by the Articles of Confederation to regulate trade among the states.
The inability to amend the Articles of Confederation.
The difficulty under the Articles to wage war and/or establish peace.
The inability of the government established by the Articles of Confederation to lay and collect taxes.
The inability of the government established by the Articles of Confederation to regulate trade among the states.
“That there are important defects in the system of the Federal Government is acknowledged by the Acts of all those States, which have concurred in the present Meeting; That the defects, upon a closer examination, may be found greater and more numerous, than even these acts imply, is at least so far probable, from the embarrassments which characterize the present State of our national affairs, foreign and domestic, as may reasonably be supposed to merit a deliberate and candid discussion, in some mode, which will unite the Sentiments and Council's of all the States. In the choice of the mode, your Commissioners are of opinion, that a Convention of Deputies from the different States, for the special and sole purpose of entering into this investigation, and digesting a plan for supplying such defects as may be discovered to exist, will be entitled to a preference from considerations, which will occur, without being particularized.”
PROCEEDINGS OF COMMISSIONERS TO REMEDY DEFECTS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ANNAPOLIS IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND (The Annapolis Convention 1786)
One of the “...defects in the system of the Federal Government” mentioned in the excerpt above was the inability of the government to suppress domestic insurrections.
Which of the following rebellions represented the turning point that finally convinced the states that the government needed more power to rectify this situation?
The Dorr Rebellion
Shay’s Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion
Bacon’s Rebellion
Shay’s Rebellion
“That there are important defects in the system of the Federal Government is acknowledged by the Acts of all those States, which have concurred in the present Meeting; That the defects, upon a closer examination, may be found greater and more numerous, than even these acts imply, is at least so far probable, from the embarrassments which characterize the present State of our national affairs, foreign and domestic, as may reasonably be supposed to merit a deliberate and candid discussion, in some mode, which will unite the Sentiments and Council's of all the States. In the choice of the mode, your Commissioners are of opinion, that a Convention of Deputies from the different States, for the special and sole purpose of entering into this investigation, and digesting a plan for supplying such defects as may be discovered to exist, will be entitled to a preference from considerations, which will occur, without being particularized.”
Proceedings Of Commissioners To Remedy Defects Of The Federal Government Annapolis In The State Of Maryland. The Annapolis Convention, 1786
Which of the following provisions in the United States Constitution directly addresses the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation best expressed in the excerpt?
The creation of a national Congress consisting of a House of Representatives and United States Senate.
The delegated power to lay and collect taxes.
The power to appoint foreign ambassadors.
The power of Congress to declare war.
The delegated power to lay and collect taxes.
Opposition to the Articles of Confederation reflected what shift in American political beliefs?
A growing belief that a strong central government would fail to protect the rights of the people.
A growing concern that a decentralized government was not an effective way to secure the rights of the people.
An energetic executive was the surest way to endanger liberties.
State governments are ineffective
A growing concern that a decentralized government was not an effective way to secure the rights of the people.
.Which of the following constitutional guarantees allayed the fears held by Anti-Federalists that the adoption of the U.S. Constitution would restrict the sovereignty of the states?
The Due Process Clauses of the 5th and 14th Amendments.
The Ninth Amendment's enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
The Tenth Amendment reserved powers clause.
The guarantee to every state a republican form of government found in Article IV of the Constitution.
The Tenth Amendment reserved powers clause.
Which of the following events proved that the power of the federal government to secure domestic tranquility under the Constitution was greater than it had been under the Articles of Confederation?
The Barbary Wars
The Whiskey Rebellion
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
The Anti-Rent War
The Whiskey Rebellion
Which part of the Constitution directly addresses many of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation the best?
Article II, Section 2,Clause 1: The President is commander-in-chief
Article III, Section 1: Tenure of Judges
Article 1, Sec 8: The enumerated powers of Congress
Article IV, Section 4, Clause 1: Guarantee of a Republican form of Government Next Question
Article 1, Sec 8: The enumerated powers of Congress
Based on your knowledge of the grievances listed in the Declaration, which of the following best describes their impact on the debates held at the Constitutional Convention?
They impacted the discussions on slaves' rights.
They framed the arguments around the power of the executive.
They encouraged the creation of a bi-cameral legislature.
They inspired the separation of powers into three branches.
They framed the arguments around the power of the executive.
To ensure ratification of the Constitution there were many compromises between Federalists and Anti-Federalists that needed to be accomplished. Which set of comparisons below most accurately reflect the final resolutions each group desired?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row B
Which of the following comparisons about the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan are the most accurate?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row C
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the debate over representation resolved by the Great Compromise?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row A
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the effects of the 3/5ths Compromise during the first fifty years of the Republic?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row B
Which of the following contentious relationships did the Connecticut Compromise (or “Great Compromise”) do the most to quell?
States with large populations versus states with small populations
States with a lot of war debt versus states with little war debt
Federalists versus anti-Federalists
Proponents of a strong executive versus proponents of a weak executive
States with large populations versus states with small populations
Which of the following correctly identifies characteristics of the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row A
To ensure ratification of the Constitution there were many compromises between Federalists and Anti-Federalists that needed to be accomplished. Which set of comparisons below most accurately reflect the final resolutions each group desired?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row B
Which of the following comparisons about the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan are the most accurate?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row C
Which of the following is the most accurate comparison about the goals of small states and large states ameliorated by Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row B
The ability to compromise helped secure ratification of the Constitution proposed in 1787, but left many matters unresolved that still generate intense debates today. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies an issue that the compromises at the Constitutional Convention did not resolve?
The issue that sometimes state and federal law are in conflict with each other. For example, under federal law, marijuana is illegal, yet many states have legalized its use for medicinal or recreational purposes.
The issue that sometimes the law does not reflect reality. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 makes it illegal to discriminate in wages on the account of sex, yet women on average still are not paid the same wages as males in the United States for the same type of work.
The issue that representation should address differently sized populations. For example, due to its large population, California has more representation than any other state in the House of Representatives giving it more power in deciding federal legislation than any other state.
The issue that the Supreme Court justices should be able to rule on the constitutionality of legislation. For example, The Supreme Court, through its power of Judicial Review enumerated in Article III of the Constitution overturns a state law banning same-sex marriage.
The issue that sometimes state and federal law are in conflict with each other. For example, under federal law, marijuana is illegal, yet many states have legalized its use for medicinal or recreational purposes.
Which of the following contentious relationships did the Connecticut Compromise (or “Great Compromise”) do the most to quell?
States with large populations versus states with small populations
States with a lot of war debt versus states with little war debt
Federalists versus anti-Federalists
Proponents of a strong executive versus proponents of a weak executive
States with large populations versus states with small populations
Which of the following correctly identifies characteristics of the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row C
Based on Federalist No. 51, which of the following can best be inferred about one of the three branches of the federal government?
The legislative branch should continue to be unicameral.
Candidates for the judiciary branch may require special qualifications and appointment.
The power of the executive branch should be limited significantly.
The three branches of government should cooperate in staffing each other's department.
Candidates for the judiciary branch may require special qualifications and appointment.
A member of Congress has proposed an amendment to the Constitution to revise the 2nd Amendment. Which of the following options best describes what would have to happen for this proposed change to 2nd Amendment to take effect?
The proposed change to the 2nd Amendment would need to be passed by a 2/3rd majority in both the House and Senate and signed by the President before it would take effect.
The proposed change to the 2nd Amendment would need to be passed by a 2/3rd majority in both the House and Senate and ratified by 3/4ths of the State Legislatures.
The proposed change to the 2nd Amendment would need to be passed by a 3/4ths majority in both the House and Senate and ratified by a super-majority of the State Legislatures.
The proposed change to the 2nd Amendment would need to be passed by a simple majority in both the House and Senate and ratified unanimously by the State Legislatures.
The proposed change to the 2nd Amendment would need to be passed by a 2/3rd majority in both the House and Senate and ratified by 3/4ths of the State Legislatures.
Which of the following scenarios could result in changes to the U.S. Constitution without the support of Congress?
Upon application of at least 2/3rds of the State Legislatures for a new amendment, a Constitutional Convention can be held where delegates from the states can vote on the amendment. The amendment must be ratified by 3/4ths of the delegates present to become part of the Constitution.
If at least two-thirds of the states meet in a special Constitutional Convention they may amend any part of the Constitution by a 2/3rds vote.
Citizens may propose amendments to the U.S. Constitution through the initiative process at the state level. If 2/3rds of the states approve, the amendment goes to all the State Legislatures. If 3/4ths of the Legislatures ratify the proposed amendment it becomes part of the Constitution.
If at least two-thirds of the states call for a convention to propose an amendment to the Constitution, anything in the Constitution could be changed if the proposed amendment is ratified by at least three-fourths of the state legislatures or special ratification conventions held at the state level.
If at least two-thirds of the states call for a convention to propose an amendment to the Constitution, anything in the Constitution could be changed if the proposed amendment is ratified by at least three-fourths of the state legislatures or special ratification conventions held at the state level.
Federalist No. 51, James Madison, 1788 "[T]he great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others. The provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack. Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself." Quoted in The Avalon Project, Yale Law School. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed51.asp. Accessed August 7, 2018. Which of the following republican safeguards is most clearly advocated in the passage above?
The system of checks and balances
The freedom of speech
The principle of popular sovereignty
The exercise of civic virtue Incorrect
The system of checks and balances
Federalist No. 51, James Madison, 1788 "[T]he great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others. The provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack. Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself." Quoted in The Avalon Project, Yale Law School. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed51.asp. Accessed August 7, 2018. Which of the following characteristics of the early republic’s origins best addresses Madison’s concerns?
The ratification of a Bill of Rights
The rise of political factions
The constitutional provision of a Loyalty Clause
The division of Congress into two branches
The division of Congress into two branches
Based on Federalist No. 10, which of the following statements could best be inferred about James Madison’s political philosophy?
The desires of the majority should always prevail.
The protection of personal property is important to keeping a political society stable.
Factionalism in government is something to be rooted out by any means possible.
Human nature is fickle and should not be factored in to the formation of governments.
The protection of personal property is important to keeping a political society stable
The Supreme Court case Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983) decided that neither chamber of Congress was authorized to invalidate deportation rulings issued by the federal courts, effectively declaring the so-called "legislative veto" unconstitutional. Which of the following is not a logical way for the Supreme Court to declare the unconstitutionality of a legislative veto?
The separation of powers
The presentment clause in the U.S. Constitution
The president's veto
The Fourth Amendment
The Fourth Amendment
Which of the following most accurately describes the allocation of powers to the national and state governments in the Constitution?
The Constitution specifies the powers that may be exercised by the national government and those that may be exercised by the state governments.
The Constitution delegates specific powers to the national government and allows it to determine which powers may be exercised by the state governments.
The Constitution delegates several specific powers to the national government but does not specify the powers that are left to state governments.
The Constitution does not specify powers that can be exercised by either the national or state governments
The Constitution delegates several specific powers to the national government but does not specify the powers that are left to state governments.
Which of the following is a power reserved to state governments by the Tenth Amendment?
The power to enter treaties with foreign countries.
The power to regulate interstate commerce.
The power to create local governments.
The power to create ex post facto laws.
The power to create local governments
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” Amendment X the U.S. Constitution The first major challenge to the powers “reserved to the States respectively” in the early days of the republic occured when a state tried to tax the newly formed Bank of the United States in which case below?
Gibbons v. Ogden
McCulloch v. Maryland
United States v. Virginia
Dartmouth v.Woodward
McCulloch v. Maryland
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” -Amendment X the U.S. Constitution Supporters of the powers granted by the tenth amendment would use it to justify state laws that allowed which practice below in the early republic.
State laws to tax both property and income of their residents.
State laws that allowed monopolies within state borders.
State laws that regulated railroad operations that crossed through their state.
State laws nullified Hamilton’s tax on whiskey.
State laws that allowed monopolies within state borders.
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” Amendment X the U.S. Constitution Which of the following actions were used by states to challenge the legitimacy of the federal government in the antebellum period?
Arguments that slavery was allowed under the Constitution.
Arguments that justified secession as permissible under the Constitution.
Arguments that residents of territories had the right under popular sovereignty to choose whether or not their state would be free or slave.
Arguments to retain the 3/5ths Compromise an essential state right.
Arguments that justified secession as permissible under the Constitution.
In which of the following types of federal systems is the separation of power between national and state governments most clearly established?
Dual federalism.
Competitive federalism.
Cooperative federalism.
Asymmetric federalism.
Dual federalism.
The McCulloch v. Maryland decision is a good example of..
strict constructionism.
loose constructionism.
judicial restraint.
originalist interpretation.
loose constructionism.
Which of the following best supported Maryland’s position in McCulloch v. Maryland?
Tenth Amendment.
Supremacy Clause.
Commerce Clause.
Necessary and Proper Clause.
Tenth Amendment.
Which of the following historical figures would have been most likely to agree with the McCulloch v. Maryland decision?
Alexander Hamilton
Democratic-Republicans
Thomas Jefferson
Anti-Federalists
Alexander Hamilton
The United States v. Lopez case is different than McCulloch v. Maryland because in the Lopez case
a 4-4 deadlocked decision was the result.
the court was unwilling to apply the Full Faith and Credit Clause to support the state’s argument.
the state government did not have legal standing to bring the case to the high court.
the court ruled that the Commerce Clause could not be used to expand federal powers.
the court ruled that the Commerce Clause could not be used to expand federal powers.
“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Amendment XIV the United States Constitution Which of the following landmark Supreme Court decisions best represents the protection of the right to “due process” represented in the amendment above.
McCulloch v. Maryland
Miranda v. Arizona
Tinker v. Des Moines
Texas v. Johnson
Miranda v. Arizona
“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Amendment XIV the United States Constitution Which of the following landmark Supreme Court decisions best represents the protection of the right to “equal protection under the law” represented in the amendment above.
Brown v. Board of Education
Engel v. Vitale
Gideon v. Wainwright
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
Brown v. Board of Education
Which of the following most accurately describes a change in the allocation of national and state power that has occurred since the ratification of the Constitution?
Because the allocation of powers between the national and state governments is clearly defined in the Constitution, there has been virtually no change in this allocation since ratification.
The national government has gained additional power relative to the states as a result of its increased power to tax and spend.
The power of the state governments has increased relative to that of the national government as a result of a decrease in the role of the United States in foreign affairs.
The power of state governments has increased relative to the national government as a result of the incorporation of civil liberties through the due process clause of the 14th Amendment
The national government has gained additional power relative to the states as a result of its increased power to tax and spend.
Federalism reflects the dynamic distribution of power between national and state governments. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a shared policy responsibility between the two level of governments?
The construction of a public high school.
The erection of a Federal Courthouse.
The creation of a new interstate highway.
The renovation of an existing VA hospital. Incorrect
The creation of a new interstate highway.
Scenario: The state of Vermont's legislative body passed a law limiting the logging industry by removing their ability to harvest trees within the state or to transport trees that have been harvested, regardless of where they were harvested, through their borders. The logging industry sues the state of Vermont in federal court. Using your knowledge of the Constitution, which of the following rationales might they use to defend their case?
Only Congress has the ability to regulate interstate commerce
The federal court system has supreme power over the states
Vermont is violating the full faith and credit clause of Article IV of the Constitution
Citizens United v FEC (2010) clarified that businesses have rights
Only Congress has the ability to regulate interstate commerce
“If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the government in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they may tax the papers of the custom-house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by the government, to an excess which would defeat all the ends of government. This was not intended by the American people. They did not design to make their government dependent on the States. . . . The Court has bestowed on this subject its most deliberate consideration. The result is a conviction that the States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control, the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government. This is, we think, the unavoidable consequence of that supremacy which the constitution has declared. We are unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void.” McCulloch v Maryland (1819) Based on the excerpt above, derived from the court opinion in McCulloch v Maryland (1819), which row in the chart below contains the two key factors in the Court’s decision?
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
row b
"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." US Constitution The above excerpt of the US Constitution could be used as a counter-argument by the federal government in regard to the decision in which of the following cases?
McCulloch v Maryland (1819)
Shaw v Reno (1993)
United States v Lopez (1995)
McDonald v Chicago (2010)
United States v Lopez (1995)
Note 
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