HOA 2 - ROMANESQUE

Romanesque building types

• Churches

• Castles

• Monasteries

• Fortified Towns

Romanesque in Britain

Norman

Romanesque in Germany

Ottonian

marks the beginning of a new era. (Romanesque period)

election of the first Frankish King Charlemagne (A.D. 799) as Holy Roman Emperor

from Carolus, latin for Charles

Carolingian

Political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services

Feudalism

Lords divided their lands into estates called

fiefs

were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Western Christian Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire.

Crusades

Effect: Brought about different movements resulting in “roman-like” decoration of buildings

The Crusades

a French knight, leader of the First Crusade and founder of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Godefroy de Bouillon

was the chief source of education and culture. The erection of a church often resulted in the foundation of a city.

Christianity

the religious become members of an order with common ties and a common rule, living in a mutually dependent community.

The Monastic System

• Long trips to visit the relics of Saints

• Allowed for the exchange of ideas, including those of architecture and construction.

The Pilgrimage

name

Santiago de Compostela, 1078

• "Roman-like”

• Heavy articulated masonry construction with narrow openings, round arches, barrel vaults, introduction of central and western towers, and sparse ornament.

Romanesque (800-1180)

3 main architectonical typologies

• Churches

• Monasteries

• Castles

• Window openings were enlarged

• High pitched roofs

North

• small window openings

• Flat Roofs

South

name

Sant’Ambrogio, Milan

name

San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy

characteristics of

Romanesque

name

Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen, France

name

San Antonino, Piacenza, Italy

characteristics of 

Romanesque

identify

Walls

name

Wheel window and recessed arches, San Pedro, Avila, Spain

1 ____

2 ____

3 ____

1. Churches

2. Monasteries

3. Castles

identify

Columns

entrance name

Recessed arched entrance

a decorative blind arcade

Lombard

also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults

GROIN VAULTS

refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults

groin

name

Bayeux Cathedral

name

Arris

A rib or groin vault divided into four parts by intersecting the diagonal ribs.

QUADRIPARTITE VAULT

A rib vault divided into six compartment by two diagonal ribs and three transverse ribs.

SEXPARTITE VAULT

name of the vault

Barrel Vault (Romanesque)

name of the vault

Groin Vault (late Romanesque)

name of the vault

Rib Vault

name of the vault

Fan Vault

The creation of the ambulatory helped to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims

AMBULATORIES

name

St. Martin of Tours, France

Round chapels around the ambulatory

ABSIDIOLES

name

Facade of Santa Maria, Cosmedin

name

round arches at the facade of The Cathedral of Lisbon

name

St. Andrew’s Church

name

Duraton, Sepulvedia, Spain

identify

Doorways with a tympanum

name

Bayeux Cathedral

is the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian, Ottonian, or Romanesque church

Westwork

name

St. Pantaleon, Cologne

A round arch whose intrados is a full semicircle

Semi Circular ArchS

A shallow arch; an arch that is less than a semicircle 

Segmented Arch

An arch whose curve begins above the impost line

Stilted Arch

Also called the Moorish arch and the keyhole arch

Horseshoe Arch

A simple cube-like capital with bottom corners tapered

Block Cushion or Cubic Capital

A capital which is decorated with figures of animals, birds, or humans, used either alone or combined foliage

Historiated or Figured Capital

name

Saint Sernin, Toulouse, France

identify

Church

Churches plans could be

• Latin cross

• Polygonal

• Basilical

Parts of the Church Plan (just study it)

• Tower

• Central Nave

• Transept

• Ambulatory

• Apse

• Little Apse

• Crossing

• Cross-shaped pillars

• Side nave

An aisle encircling the end of the choir or chancel of the church.

AMBULATORY

The major transverse part of a cruciform church, crossing the main axis at a right angle between the nave and the choir.

TRANSEPT

The intersection of the nave and transept in a cruciform church.

CROSSING

A semicircular or polygonal projection of a building, usually vaulted and used at the sanctuary or east end of a church.

APSE

The principal or central part of a church, extending from the narthex to the choir or chancel, usually flanked by aisles.

NAVE

The longitudinal divisions of a church, separated from the nave by a row of columns or piers.

AISLE

A separately dedicated part of a church for private prayer, meditation, or small religious services.

CHAPEL

A chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, usually located behind the high altar of a church at the extremity of the apse

LADY CHAPEL

A covered walk having an arcade or colonnade on one side opening onto a courtyard

CLOISTER

The space about the altar of a church for the clergy and choir, often elevated above the nave and separated from it by a railing or screen.

CHANCEL

An underground chamber or vault used as a burial place beneath the main floor of a church.

CRYPT

The monumental western front of a Romanesque church, treated as a towers containing a low entrance hall below and a chapel open to the nave above.

WESTWORK

A part of a church or a separate building in which baptism is administered

BAPTISTERY

A bell tower, usually one near but not attached to the body of a church

CAMPANILE

A rose window having distinctly radiating mullions or bars.

WHEEL WINDOW

The space between an arch and the horizontal head of a door or window below, often decorated with sculpture.

TYMPANIUM

A column supporting the tympanum of a doorway at its center

TRUMEAU

A roofed promenade, one extending inside or outside along the exterior wall of a building.

GALLERY

A series of arches supported on piers or columns

ARCADE

A thickened abacus or supplementary capital set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an arch.

DOSSERET

Curved or arched like a bow, a term used in describing the arched or vaulted structure of a Romanesque church

ARCUATED

A house or place of residence occupied by a community of persons, especially monks, living in seclusion under religious vows.

MONASTERY

A dining hall in a religious monastery, like where monks eat together.

REFECTORY

The place where the chapter of a church or monastery meets, usually building attached to or hall forming part of the church and monastery.

CHAPTER HOUSE

Interior elevation of Church consists of three levels

1. Column / Pillar 

2. Tribune 

3. Clerestory

Used mainly to cover the central nave

Barrel Vault

was common in aisles and ambulatory

Groin Vault

spherical were used in apses

Dome

name

Abbey Church, Cluny

were often sited just outside the city gates and provided work, medical care, education, and hostels for travelers.

Monasteries

name

St. Martin Canigou

it was designed as a microcosm, as the city of God

Monastery

1. ____

2. ____

3. ____

4. ____

5. ____

6. ____

7. ____

1. Church

2. Cloister

3. Chapter Room

4. Abbot’s house

5. Monks / nuns room

6. Refectory

7. Hospital

name

Pisa Cathedral with Baptistery, Campanile

A space, area or separate building of a church or cathedral, containing a font where baptism takes place.

Cathedral / Baptistry