ANSCI 201--Lecture Quiz 1 (Intro + Dairy)

200 terms for one quiz (pray for us) (my computer is going to break there are so many terms)

Why do we study animal science?

• Multidisciplinary nature

• Careers

• Relationship to humans

What percentage of the United States population is involved in agriculture as their primary income source?

Less than 2%

What percentage of the world population is involved in agriculture as their primary income source?

43%

What percentage of calories does the United States population obtain from animals?

27%

What percentage of protein does the United States population obtain from animals?

64%

What percentage of calories does the world population obtain from animals?

18%

What percentage of protein does the world population obtain from animals?

34%

What is the relationship between a country’s per capita income and consumption of animal proteins?

As income increases, consumption of animal protein increases

In 2020, how many people in the US were supplied by one farm?

166 people/farm

What contributed to the increase in the number of persons supplied by one farm between 1950 and 1970?

Industrial revolution

In 2023, what % of income in the US was spent on food? What % was spent on food at home vs. away from home?

11.2%

At home: 5.3%

Away from home: 5.9%

Over time, how has the number of persons supplied by one farm changed?

Increased

Over time, how has the % income spent on food changed?

Decreased

From 1950 to 2020, what happened to the average farm size in the US? What happened to the total number of farms?

Average farm size doubles

Number of farms decreases

Why are US farms so productive?

• Free enterprise system → encourages productivity

  • The more you produce, the more your earn

• Land and climate conditions → vary across US

• Education system → land grant schools

• Specialization → both in agribusiness and research

Globally, what are the top three meats produced (in order)?

1. Chicken (140 million tons/year)

2. Pork

3. Beef

What are two reasons why meat consumption is important?

• Meat contains amino acids that closely match the needs of the human body

• Meat supplies minerals that are needed by humans

What important minerals does meat consumption provide?

• Iron

• Zinc

• Vitamin B₁₂

What can a dietary lack of minerals provided by meat lead to?

Anemia

What are the most popular milk-producing animals?

• Cattle

• Buffalo

• Yak

• Reindeer

What are the most popular egg-producing animals?

• Chicken

• Turkey

• Duck

What are the four categories of non-food animal products?

• Wool/hair/hides/pelts/feathers

• Manure/fertilizers

• Greases/tallow

• Gelatin/collagen

What important minerals does animal manure provide?

• Nitrogen (N)

• Phosphorus (P)

• Potassium (K)

What can be produced with animal tallow?

• Soaps

• Feeds

• Pharmaceuticals

• Candles

• Cosmetics

• Rubber

What are some uses of gelatin (refined collagen)?

• Foods

• Glue

• Films

What is a main use of collagen?

Sausage casings

What % of the world population depends on animals to move food?

20%

What has happened to the number of horses present in the US over time?

Decreased

What animals (besides horses) are used for work/transportation?

• Mules

• Camels

• Llamas

What are the top four companion pets owned in the US?

1. Freshwater fish

2. Cats

3. Dogs

4. Birds

What are the top four companion pets owned in the US by household?

1. Dogs

2. Cats

3. Freshwater fish

4. Birds

What % of US households own a pet?

66%

What % of pet owners acquired a pet during the pandemic?

78%

Which animals are commonly used for testing artificial organs?

• Cattle

• Sheep

• Swine

Which animal has the most resemblance to humans’ pulmonary, cardiac, and digestive tracts?

Swine

What species are commonly used to perform nutrition research on diabetes and artherosclerosis?

Miniature pigs

What is a transgenic animal?

One whose genome has been altered

What is pharming?

The use of animals to produce pharmaceuticals

What animal product is most commonly used to obtain pharmaceuticals?

Milk

What is xenotransplantation?

Transfer of animal tissues into humans

What are some ways dogs can help humans (besides being pets)?

• Seeing eye dogs

• Search/detection

• Emotional support

Rank the leading domesticated animal species worldwide as well as their respective countries.

1. Chickens → China

2. Cattle → India

3. Ducks → China

4. Sheep → China

5. Swine → China

From 2000 to 2023, in the US, what happened to beef consumption?

Decreased by 10 lbs/person

From 2000 to 2023, in the US, what happened to poultry consumption?

Increased by 40 lbs/person

From 2000 to 2023, in the US, what happened to pork consumption?

Remained constant around 50 lbs/person

From 2000 to 2023, in the US, what happened to lamb consumption?

Remained constant around 1 lb/person

From 2000 to 2023, in the US, what happened to fish consumption?

Increased slightly by 2 lbs/person

From 2000 to 2022, in the US, what happened to total dairy consumption?

Increased by 60 lbs/person

From 2000 to 2022, in the US, what happened to milk consumption?

Decreased by 70 lbs/person

From 2000 to 2022, in the US, what happened to cheese consumption? Why?

Increased by 10 lbs/person because pizza

From 2000 to 2022, in the US, what happened to butter consumption?

Increased by 2 lbs/person

From 2000 to 2022, in the US, what happened to yogurt consumption?

Increased by 8 lbs/person

From 2000 to 2022, in the US, what happened to frozen dairy consumption?

Decreased by 6 lbs/person

Over the last 20 years in the US, what happened to egg consumption?

Increased by 16%

How many eggs does a person consume annually in the US?

277

In US diets, from 1970 to 2000, what happened to the % of fat contributed by animals?

Decreased

In US diets, from 1970 to 2000, what happened to the % of fat contributed by plants? As a result, what happened to vitamin B₁₂ consumption?

% fat increased

B₁₂ consumption decreased

What are some reasons for changing trends in meat/dairy consumption?

• Diet/health concerns

• Consumer concerns → recalls

• Economics → rising prices

• Marketing

  • Organic/natural foods

• Future directions → nutraceuticals, ultrafiltered components

What are neutraceuticals (functional foods)?

Foods with added health benefits

What is ultrafiltration?

Isolates food components (protein, sugar, vitamins)

What organization highly regulates organic food production?

National Organic Program (NOP)

What makes a food “natural”?

• Lack of artificial ingredients or added color

• Minimally processed

What is the federal definition of “locally grown”?

None

What is the biological definition of milk?

The liquid normally secreted by female mammals for nourishment of their young

What is the chemical definition of milk?

A colloidal suspension of organic and inorganic food substances consisting of water, fats, carbs, proteins, mineral salts, gases, some bacteria, enzymes, and vitamins

What is the legal definition of milk?

The whole, clean, fresh, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows, properly fed and kept, etc.

What is the main constituent of milk (87%)?

Water

What is the leading solid constituent of milk (5%)?

Lactose

What % of milk do solids non-fat (SNF) constitute?

9.2%

What gives milk its flavor?

Fat

How does fat exist in milk?

As a temporary emulsion with globules suspended in liquid

How heavy are fat globules?

Lightweight

What shape are fat globules?

Spherical

What is the fat globule membrane composed of? What is its charge?

Phospholipids

Slight negative charge

Which chemical component makes up the greatest % of milk lipids?

A. Triglycerides

B. Phospholipids

C. Sterols

D. Vitamins

Triglycerides

Which fat-soluble vitamins are present in milk lipids?

A, D, E, and K

What does vitamin A help with?

Vision

What does vitamin D help with? ☼

Calcium absorption

What does vitamin E help with?

Immunity

What does vitamin K help with?

Blood clotting

What is a triglyceride made of?

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Why are phospholipids good emusifying agents?

Half is soluble in water, half is soluble in fat

What does this structure represent?

A fatty acid

Are saturated fatty acids solids or liquids?

Solids

Do saturated fatty acids contain double bonds between carbon atoms?

No

Are unsaturated fatty acids solids or liquids?

Liquids

Do unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds between carbon atoms?

Yes

What % of fatty acids in milk fat are saturated?

hint: they’re evil

66%

What % of fatty acids in milk fat are unsaturated?

34%

Does milk have a high % of short-chain acids or long-chain acids compared to other animal products?

Short-chain

Why does cream rise to the top?

Fat has a lower specific gravity than milk

What kind of solution does lactose form?

True molecular solution

Milk proteins are very high quality and are only second to protein from which food?

Eggs

Lactose is a dissacharide and is made of which two monosaccharides?

Glucose and galactose

Lactose is _________ soluble and _________ sweet than sucrose.

Less

What % of calories in whole milk does protein account for?

22%

What % of solids non-fat in whole milk does protein account for?

38%

What kind of solution does protein in milk exist in?

Colloidal dispersion

What is this?

Amino acid

What kind of bond is this?

Peptide