Crime and society test 3

How was social control enforced before formal policing?

We do not hand over power to a few people and ask for protection. We give us a certain amount of freedom, sacrifice equally, and form our government

what are the cons of political policing

Corruption, disorganization, inefficiency, and discrimination

What factors are essential to Broken Windows Policing?

Understanding neighborhoods, responding to behaviors, building community connections, using foot patrols, and knowing local concerns.

How the Bill of rights protects people with regard to crime

Limits on government actors, including due process, right to counsel, right to trial, and right to confront witnesses.

What are the pros of political policing?

Integration of police with the community

What are the pros of professional policing?

Organization and continuity

What are the cons of professional policing?

Distance from the community and lack of emotional connection.

What is the central focus of the Broken Windows theory?

Crime develops at places that have high levels of physical and social disorder

what is physical disorder

broken windows, graffiti, litter, discarded drug paraphernalia

What is social disorder?

public intoxication, vagrancy, loud noise

What is hot spot policing?

A crime prevention strategy focusing police resources on small geographic areas with high levels of crime.

What is substantive law

defines crimes and punishments

What is the difference between differential processing and differential involvement?

Differential processing refers to different treatment based on identity; differential involvement refers to different treatment based on crime frequency.

What is the difference between jail and prison?

Jail is for those awaiting trial or serving short sentences; prison is for those who have been sentenced.

What are the main reasons for incarceration?

Retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, and incapacitation.

What does the keeper philosophy state?

Loss of liberty is punishment; incarceration should not include additional physical or mental anguish.

What is specific deterrence?

Shaping behavior due to fear of punishment.

What is general deterrence?

Shaping peer behaviors based on observed punishments.

How much does the U.S. spend on the corrections system annually?

$80 billion.

What percentage of people in the U.S. re-offend within three years of release from prison?

70%.

What is the Scared Straight program?

A program where at-risk youth are exposed to prison environments to deter future criminal behavior.

What is determinate sentencing?

A fixed prison sentence for convicted individuals.

What is indeterminate sentencing?

A sentencing scheme requiring individuals to prove readiness for reintegration into society.

What percentage of incarcerated individuals are released?

95%.

What percentage of juvenile arrests are for murder and non-negligent manslaughter?

0.42%.

What are status crimes?

Offenses considered crimes only due to the individual's status, typically as a juvenile.

At what age is the human brain fully developed?

25

When were courts and prisons specifically for children created?

1825 for houses of refuge; 1899 for the first separate children's court.

What does parens patriae mean?

The state has the right to intervene for the wellbeing of children when parents are unfit.

What was established in Thompson v. Oklahoma?

No one can be executed for offenses committed before their 16th birthday.

What did the Supreme Court rule regarding children aged 16 and 17 in 1989?

They could be executed under certain circumstances, requiring individualized assessments.

What was concluded in Miller v. Alabama?

Life without parole for juvenile offenders is unconstitutional under the eighth amendment.

What is the School to Prison Pipeline?

The link between school experiences and increased likelihood of involvement in the justice system.

what is procedural law

the processes that criminal justice actors must follow.