Ap human geography Unit 2

Population Distribution

Where people live within a geographic area that affects the cultural, political, economic, and environmental aspects and conditions in any given area

Climate

Refers to long term patterns of weather in an area that greatly affect population distributions  in direct or indirect ways

Human Migration (moving)

occurs when people make a permanent move from one place to another

Population density

the number of people occupying a unit of land

Arithmetic density

Measures the total number of people per unit area of land (total population/total area of land)

Physiological Density

The total number of people per unit of land where crops can be grown (arable land) (total people/total arable land)

Arable land

Land that can be used to grow crops

Agricultural density

Measures the total number of farmers per unit of arable land (total farmers/total arable land)

Subsistence Agriculture

Most of the farming taking place is providing food such as crops and live stocks only to the farmer’s family and the close community instead of having factory foods

Carrying capacity

The max population size an environment can sustain

Dependency ratio

The number of people in a dependent age group (15 or younger or 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working age group (15-64) the multiplied by 100

Sex ratio

Represents the proportions of males and females in a population

demographics

Data about the structure of characteristics of the human population

Crude birth rate

The number of births in a given year per 1000 people in a given population.

Total fertility rate

The average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years(age 15-49)

Crude death rate

The number of deaths of a given population per year per 1000 people

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of children under 1 per 1000 lives born

life expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live

Population Pyramids (age/sex diagrams)

Helps interpret the implications of the changing structure of a population

Rate of natural increase

The difference between the crude birth rate and crude death of a defined group

Doubling time

The number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double

Urbanization

The growth and development of cities

Overpopulation

Describes a population that exceeds its sustainable size or carrying capacity

Neo-Malthusian

Describing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth’s resources, updated version of Malthus’s theory 

Demographic Transition model

Represents the shifts in growth that the world’s populations have undergone and are still experiencing over time

DTM stage 1

displays the long period of human history before the improvement of healthcare and other changes at the time of the industrial revolution,

has a high Crude birth rate and crude death rate and a low rate of natural increase

people here are just trying to survive

no country is in this stage of the DTM

DTM stage 2

Population growth corresponds with continuing high birth rates and falling death rate that started from the industrial revolution in western Europe and the U.S.

High CBR and falling CDR

CBR and CDR don’t cancel each other out

population boom

more migration from rural to urbanization for more job opportunities that are in factories in core countries

ex is Afghanistan 

DTM stage 3

reflects trends seen in societies as birth rates begin to sloe due to economic and social factors

CBR and CDR decreases

Nr is more modern 

higher life expectancy which decreases infant mortality rates which leads to families having less children

there are cultural changes like gender roles

economic opportunities affects migration patterns 

DTM stage 4

reflects trends seen in societies as birth rates begin to sloe due to economic and social factors

low CBR and CDR and a low to flat NIR

there are higher rates of education for women, more economic opportunities for citizens and more intraregional migration 

these countries experience zero population growth meaning the CBR and CDR is the same

causes people to focus on their career, get married later, have a smaller family, and the living costs are more expensive which decreases the total fertility rate

women play a more active role in society and the economy in this stage, so CDR and IMR deceases more

more access to heath care and nutrients food so there is in increase of life expectancy and less death rate

Ex U.S. and China

DTM stage 5

Population begins to decrease

defined by an negative NIR

birth rate is below death rate so the population decreases

ex Japan and Germany 

Epidemiological transition model

Describes change in fertility, mortality life expectancy and population age distributions largely as the result of changes in causes of death,

DOES corresponds with the DTM with a couple of differences

introduced by Omran 

ETM stage 1

 characterized by high and fluctuating mortality rates and low and variable life expectancy rates resulting in short periods of population growth that are not sustained

defined by pestilence, famine and death like Parasitic diseases, Infectious diseases, animal attacks, pandemics, epidemics, food shortages, and dirty water most known is the plague

Endemic: a disease that stays in a particular area and does not spread through the entire region or community

ETM stage 2

marked by increased average life expectancy from about 30 years to 50 years

decease in the amount of deaths

defined by less deaths and receding pandemics with improved standard of living, increased food production, more nutritious food, and improved sanitation

like in the DTM this is where the industrial revolution and healthcare improved

has a high NIR

ETM stage 3

main cause of death are chronic disorders with aging including illnesses from the heart and lungs and cancers

defined by degenerative diseases

people start to die from diseases human or time caused like heart attacks

start to live longer

ETM stage 4

reflects improvements in medicine that have extended life expectancy

has a longer life expectancy

defined by fighting degenerative diseases, medical advancements delay degenerative diseases , longer life expectancies, improved diet and lifestyle choices 

can also promote negative habits like eating more junk food

ETM stage 5

suggests that life expectancy may decrease as a result of people living close together in urban environments

defined by reemergence of infectious disease, evolution of disease increased poverty increased urbanization so its easier for disease to spread and there is globalization 

ex covid

Antinatalist

Describing attitudes or policies that discourage child bearing as a means of limiting population growth

Pronatalist

Describes the policies that encourage births and aim to accelerate population growth

Land degradation

A long term damage to the soil ‘s ability to support life

mobility

All types of movement from one location to another whether it is temporary or permanent or over short or long distance

Circulation

Temporary respective movements that recur on a regular basis

Human migration (mobility)

The permanent movement of people from one place to another

Emigration

The movement away from a location

Immigration

The movement to a location

Net migration

The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location like a city

Gravity model

A model derived from Newton’s laws of universal gravitation to predict the interaction between two or more places

Push factor

A negative reason that compels someone to leave a location

Pull factor

A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location

Voluntary migration

People make the choice to move to a new place

Forced migration

People are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural reasons

Transnational migration

International migration in which people retain strong cultural, economical, emotional, and financial ties with their countries origins

Internal migration

Movement within a country’s boarders

Friction of distance

A concept stating that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve

Chain migration

When people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there

Step migration

Series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination

Intervening obstacle

An occurrence that holds migrants back

Intervening opportunity

An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice

guest worker

Migrants who travel to a new country as temporary laborers

Circular migration

When migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs

Refugees

People who are forced to leave their country for fear of persecution or death

Asylum

The right to protection, related to refugees

Internally displaced persons

People who have been forced to flee their homes but remain within their country’s boarders 

Human trafficking

The recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means ( such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion) 

Interregional migration

Movement from one region of the country to another

Intraregional migration

Movement within one region of the country

quotas

Limits on the number of immigrants allowed in the country each year

kinship link

Networks of relative and friends

skills gap

A shortage of people trained in a particular industry

Remittance

Money earned by emigrants aboard and sent back to home countries

Brain drain

The loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another- often richer- country

relocation diffusion

The spread of ideas and culture traits through migration

Ravenstein’s Law of Migration

• Patterns and trends about migration and migrants

  • 1. Migration is typically short in distance

  • 2 Migration occurs in steps

  • 3 Urban area both long distance and rural migrants

  • 4. Every migration generates a counter-migration

  • 5 Young, single, adult males are more likely to migrant than females

    • Women will migrate shorter distances

  • 6 Most migration is due to economic factors

• Distance decay- farther the migration takes place the less population