BIO65 || CH8: Appendicular Skeleton

Clavicle

S-shaped bone that braces the shoulder and is the most commonly fractured bone, especially during childbirth.

Scapula (Anterior View)

• Shoulder blade

• Contains superior, medial, lateral borders

• Acromion - articulates with clavicle 

• Coracoid process - for biceps attachments

• Glenoid cavity - socket for humerus

• Subscapular fossa

Scapula (Posterior View)

• Overlies ribs 2-7

• Superior, inferior, lateral angles

• Spine - ridge on posterior surface

  • Ends in the acromion at its apex

• Division between

  • Supraspinous fossa

  • Infraspinous fossa

Humerus (Proximal End)

• Head for glenoid fossa/cavity

• Intertubercular sulcus for biceps’ tendon

• Greater tubercle

• Lesser tubercle

• Anatomical vs Surgical neck

• Deltoid tuberosity

Humerus (Distal End)

• Capitulum for radius

• Trochlea for ulna

• Radial fossa

• Coronoid fossa

  • For coronoid process on the ulna

• Olecranon fossa

  • Deep posterior pit (for elbow hinge joint)

• Medial/lateral epicondyles

Radius

Bone of the forearm with a disc-shaped head that articulates with the humerus and features a radial tuberosity.

Ulna

Forearm bone with olecranon and trochlear notch for articulation with the humerus, and a radial notch for the radius.

Carpals

Eight small bones in two rows

proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

distal: hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

Metacarpals

Five bones of the palm, numbered 1-5 from thumb to little finger, forming the knuckles.

Phalanges

Bones of the fingers, with the thumb having 2 bones (proximal, distal) and other digits having 3 (proximal, middle, distal).

Pelvic Girdle

Composed of two hip bones and the sacrum, containing the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which fuse by age 26.

Femur

Thigh bone; longest and strongest bone in the body

Patella

The largest sesamoid bone, also known as the kneecap, with an inferior apex and base.

Tibia

The shinbone that bears weight, articulating with the femur
Proximal end

• Medial and lateral condyles

• Intercondylar eminence

• Tibial tuberosity

• Shaft of tibia (shin)

  • Anterior border

• Distal end

  • Medial malleolus

Fibula

A non-weight-bearing bone of the lower leg, serving as a good source for bone grafting.

• Proximal end

  • Apex

  • Head

• Distal end

  • Lateral malleolus

Tarsals

Seven bones of the ankle, including the talus, calcaneus, navicular, (medial, intermediate, lateral,) cuneiforms, cuboid.

Metatarsals

Five bones of the foot, numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral.

Male Pelvic Girdle

More robust, narrower, and deeper with a subpubic angle less than 90 degrees; smaller pelvic inlet & outlet

Female Pelvic Girdle

Adapted for childbirth, wider, shallower, and with a subpubic angle greater than 90 degrees; larger pelvic inlet & outlet

Scoliosis

A disorder characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Hyperkyphosis

An abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine.

Hyperlordosis

A condition known as swayback, characterized by an abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine.

Radius & Ulna (Distal End)

(wrist region)

• Ulna has a round head with a styloid process

• Radius also has a styloid process

• Radius has an ulnar notch for the head of the ulna

Carpals Mnemonic

So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb

Proximal: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform

Distal: Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium

Components of a Single Phalange

• Base: proximal end

• Body: shaft

• Head: distal end

Pollex

thumb

Hallux

Big toe

Ilium

Bone of Pelvic; contains Iliac crest, Iliac spines (4), Greater sciatic notch, illiac fossa (medial view)

Ischium

Bone of Pelvic; contains Ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, ischial rami

Pubis

Bone of Pelvis; contains Superior/inferior pubic rami & Body (lateral view), Pubic symphysis (medial view)

Acetabulum

bone of pelvis found in the lateral view; large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur

Auricular surface

bone of pelvis found in the medial view; region on the ilium for articulation with the sacrum

Obturator foramen

bone of pelvis found in the medial view; opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami

Femur Components (Proximal End)

• • Head

    • Fovea capitis

  • Greater/lesser trochanters

  • Intertrochanteric crest (posterior) and line (anterior)

  • Neck

  • Shaft

    • Linea aspera

Femur Components (Distal End)

• Lateral and medial epicondyles

• Lateral and medial condyles

• Intercondylar fossa

• Patellar surface for patella