APUSH: Period 1-9 (1491 to present)

List as many specific indigenous nations as you can and identify what region they were primarily located.

List as many specific indigenous nations as you can and identify what region they were primarily located.

• Eastern Woodlands

  • Iroquois

• Southeast / Mississippi

  • Cahokia - Mound builders

• Plains

  • Nomadic →  Sioux

• Southwest

  • Pueblo

• Meso-America

  • Maya

  • Aztec

• South America

  • Inca

What are some elements of the distinct and complex societies indigenous groups formed by adapting to or transforming their environments?

• Cultivation of Maize

• Irrigation Systems

• Hierarchical social structures

• Division of labor

Why did European nations seek to explore and conquer the “New World”? What were the effects of this?

• Gold, glory, Gospel

• Columbian Exchange

  • Spread of disease

  • Europe enriched with new crops and mineral wealth

What developments enabled European colonization in the Western Hemisphere?

• Technological innovations

  • Caraval

  • Astrolabe

  • Sexton

• Financial Innovation

  • Joint stock companies - people pooled money together to pay for exploration

What structures were used by the Spanish to support colonization? Describe them to the best of your ability.

• Encomienda System - grant of land and labor from the crown to Spanish settlers → Christianize the natives & marshall native labor

• Casta System - socio-racial hierarchy

• Catholic Mission system - conversions & labor

Describe the varying perspectives Europeans and Native Americans held of each other. Explain how and why those developed prior to 1607.

• Natives initially welcoming → shared agricultural practices and food

• Dominant European View (Sepulveda) → Native Americans = heathen, barbaric / uncivilized

• Alt view (Las Casas)→ noble but undeveloped, paternalism needed to civilize and christianize

• Changed through trade, assimilation tactics and acts of resistance

How were the colonization patterns different between different European nations in North America? (Name the big 4 and describe)

• Spanish: subjugation and conversion (post-Pope’s Rebellion = more assimilation)

• French: more assimilation and leniency, reliance on fur trade and interrmarriage

• Dutch: trade outpost, religious freedom

• English: complete separatism, expulsion of Native Americans, and wars for extermination (King Philip’s War)

What distinct groups (gender, socioeconomic, family unit, etc) can you name and describe from any of the 4 countries of early colonial settlers?

• Spanish Conquistadors

  • Male, looking for gold and glory

• French & Dutch Fur Trappers

  • Male, looking to profit from trade with natives

• English Indentured Servants

  • Single, male, looking for social mobility in the New World

• English Puritans

  • Whole families and communities, looking for freedom to establish Model Society “city upon a hill” and practice restrictive form of Protestantism

• English Quakers

  • Whole families, looking for religious freedom

What are unique factors about different regions of the British colonies? Explain why they developed.

• New England

  • Better living conditions

  • Colder climate → lower incident of disease

  • Varied skill sets → more egalitarian society

• Middle Colonies

  • Maritime trade & mercantile economy

  • Varied skill sets

  • Religious & ethnic diversity → Former Dutch colony

• Chesapeake / Southern Colonies

  • Unequal & hierarchical

  • Reliance on indentured servitude and then slavery → cash crop/ plantation economy

What is the purpose of transatlantic trade?

• Connection of ports in Africa, Americas and Europe

• Promote the power and prosperity of the Mother Country through system of trade restrictions and monopolies over colonies → Mercantilism

• Importation of goods and enslaved people

What were the effects of transatlantic trade over time?

• Mass migration→ slave trade

• Epidemics

• Regional enrichment → promotes power of the mother country

• Transplant culture in British North America

• Spread of idea movements like the Great Awakening and Enlightenment

• Salutary Neglect → permitted the colonies in British North America to manage their own political and economic affairs

What events contributed to changing relationships between colonists and indigenous groups? Why?

• Pueblo Revolt/ Pope’s Rebellion → resistance to Sp authority and successful expulsion of Spanish led to increased Spanish accommodation of Native culture/ religion and syncretism

• Pequot War → conflict over land and resources rid New England of Native resistance for 40 years

• King Philip’s War → high casualty conflict between New England and regional natives, destroyed 50% of New England settlements and permanently dispersed/ broke the power of New England’s regional tribes

Why was slavery used in the British colonies?

• Bacon’s Rebellion turning point away from reliance on indentured labor, which was shown to be unreliable and temporary, and accelerated a shift toward slavery

• Enslaved people better withstood disease as compared to Natives

What was done in the British colonies to support and protect stability with enslaved labor?

• Enslaved people were dehumanized in the law as chattel property and marked by their dark skin, where natives and indentured servants might run away

• Harsh punishments and restrictions to trap enslaved ppl within this system and prevent their rebellion

How did enslaved people respond to slavery? (Specific and general events)

• Stono Rebellion

  • Largest slave uprising

  • Fear of future rebellion promotes stricter laws and harsh punishments

• Practicing culture

• Runaway

• Purposefully slowing down work

• Feigning illness

What is the Great Awakening? What effects did it have?

• Resulted in challenges to authority → New Lights v Old Lights

• Placed emphasis on the importance of the individual as personal experience was the source of knowledge of salvation

What is the Enlightenment? What effects did it have?

• Resulted in challenges to authority → centralized political authority (monarch) challenged in favor of individual sovereignty/ rights, consent of the governed

• Placed emphasis on the importance of the individual as reasoning and sovereign

What is republicanism? What effects did it have?

• Idea that elected leaders can represent the interests of the people

• Evident in the colonies with House of Burgesses of Virginia, General Court of Mass, and so on

• Although limited in scope, representative democracy, or Republican government develops in the colonies under salutary neglect, allowing the colonies to manage their own political and economic affairs as independent from Great Britain

To what extent was a uniquely “American” culture developed during it’s early years?

• British North American colonies were still largely transplant cultures

• However, 150 years of Salutary Neglect permitted the colonies to manage their own social, political and economic affairs, which contributed to a growing sense of a uniquely American Identity

• Certain events, like the Great Awakening, further encouraged the colonies to see themselves as one intercolonial community, united in the experience of revival (aka, fostered American Identity)

What decisions from Britain significantly affected colonists? Describe each decision and effect.

• Salutary Neglect

  • Colonies permitted to manage their own political and economic affairs due to initial disinterest and then widespread smuggling/logistical challenges in monitoring the colonies

  • Contributed to the formation of an American Identity

• Navigation Acts

  • Trade restrictions and monopoly over the colonies to reinforce the favorable balance of trade in the system of mercantilism

  • Evaded due to widespread smuggling

• Dominion of New England

  • King James II centralized control over New England & Middle Colonies in one administrative unit

  • Colonists were stripped of their rights → Unpopular and short lived, ended with the Glorious Revolution

What are the effects of the development of regional colonial society?

• New England

  • Religious Dissent → banishments lead to est of new colonies

  • Prosperity → transatlantic trade

• Middle Colonies

  • Prosperity through transatlantic trade

  • Religious and ethnic diversity → legacy of former Dutch colony

• Chesapeake / Southern Colonies

  • Plantation economy → unequal society with hierarchy that mirror English Aristocracy

    • Few elite with large estates at the top

    • Small dependent farmers, landless men

    • indentured servants and later enslaved people at the bottom

What was the other name of the 7 Years’ War? What caused the conflict?

• French & Indian War

• Contest between France and Britain for hegemony/ who will be the dominant colonial power.

• Conflict in North America kicks off over control over the contested Ohio River Valley.

What were the results and effects of the 7 Years’ War in North America?

Britain incurred a massive war debt in the F&I War. To raise revenue and minimize costs, they instituted a series of restrictive acts like “The Proclamation Line of 1763” and the numerous taxes, like the Stamp Tax, which encroached on the tradition of salutary neglect.

What developments caused an increase of colonial opposition to Britain?

• The end of Salutary Neglect after F & I War

• The imposition of a direct/internal tax on paper “the Stamp Tax” which bypassed colonial assemblies and seemed to violate the colonists right to representation

• The Boston Massacre

• The Townshend Acts

• The Boston Tea Party → The Intolerable Acts

• The 1st Continental Congress demanding repeal of the Intolerable Acts & formalizing a boycott against British goods

What are the historical, cultural, and philosophical foundations of colonial calls for self-rule?

• Tradition of Salutary Neglect

• Sense of their constitutional rights as Englishmen

• The Enlightenment

  • Natural rights

  • Popular sovereignty

  • Social contract

  • General will

  • Separation of powers

• The 1st Great Awakening

Who are some of the individuals and groups that led the independence movement? What actions did they take?

• Sons of Liberty: Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Paul Revere, Patrick Henry

• Colonial leaders/ assemblymen

  • Boycott / Non-importation movement

  • Protest

  • Intercolonial unification demanding repeal of restrictive actions

    • Ex - Stamp Act Congress demands repeal of Stamp Act

    • 1st Continental Congress demands repeal of Coercive or Intolerable Acts

  • Publications like Common Sense by Thomas Paine

What groups were on the “sides” of the American Revolution?

• Patriots

  • French

• British

  • Loyalists

  • Some enslaved Africans fought on the British side for emancipation

• Attempted Neutrality

  • Quakers

• Native Americans

  • Fought on both sides, for instance, the Iroquois confederacy broke apart with some tribes fighting both sides.

  • However, Native Americans mostly fought on the side of the British

What factors led to Patriot victory in the American Revolution?

• A significant factor/ turning point in the revolution was the French Alliance, which provided the Americans with additional guns, ships and finances in their war against Great Britain for Independence

• Other factors include: stretched supply lines for the British, Low Morale fighting against fellow Englishmen

To what extent did the American Revolution change society?

• Establishes the American Republic - conceived on enlightenment ideals

• Participatory self-government required an educated citizenry →  women ought to be educated to educate their children and instill Republican virtues (Republican Motherhood)

• The language of liberty defined the revolution (the notion that all men were created equal) and although slavery persisted in the South, the Northern States (North of Maryland) began the process of gradual emancipation of existing slaves, and moved to abolish slavery in their constitutions.

In what ways did the American Revolution affect other places globally?

• Seen as the embodiment of enlightenment ideas, the Declaration of Independence and success of the Revolution, asserted natural rights and the right to representative government all around the world

  • French Revolution

  • Haitian Revolution

  • Age of Revolution in Latin America

Identify and explain patterns in the government systems created early in US nationhood.

• Articles of Confederation

  • A union without much power, a “firm league of friendship”

  • The weak central power under the AoC was designed in reaction to the perceived abuses of power under Great Britain, to prevent tyranny

  • The AoC government lacked the power to tax, lacked a president to enforce law, required unanimous consent to pass amendments, could not regulate interstate trade, etc.

What were the successes and struggles of the early US government?

• Failures/Struggles: Weak powers meant that:

  • states trampled on the rights of other states and the AoC government

  • The government could not raise revenue to pay down the war debt

  • The government could not defend itself against internal rebellion (e.g. Shays’s Rebellion)

• Successes under the AoC:

  • Prevention of tyranny, reserved powers for the states

  • United to secure Fr. alliance and win the Revolutionary War

  • Solved western land disputes and set up a system for orderly western expansion & addition of new states with Land Ordinance of 1785 & Northwest Ordinance 1785

Explain the process of the writing and ratifying of the Constitution. What were the compromises?

• Constitution is a bundle of compromises

  • State Representation: Great Compromise = 2 house legislature (House of Reps based on population, Senate gives equal representation to each state regardless of size)

  • Slavery: 3/5ths and Ban on International Slave Trade

• After hammering out compromises, the Constitution is submitted for ratification (approval) by states.

  • Once 9 of 13 ratify, the constitution is adopted as law of the land.

  • The addition of a Bill of Rights encouraged some anti-federalists to support ratification.

What were some examples of differing political ideas at the Constitutional Convention? What individuals would have represented those ideas?

• Two Camps, Anti-Federalists and Federalists

• Federalists (A. Hamilton) = pro-central government

  • Wants america to assert itself as a strong, commercial power

  • Elites, North Eastern, Commercial Interests, Larger Republic & Fewer Representatives

• Anti-Federalists (Thomas Jefferson)= reservations about a strong central government

  • Reserve power for States

  • Fearful of Tyranny

  • Wants guarantee of civil liberties & states rights (aka, Bill of Rights)

  • Common man, agricultural, more rural, participatory government or more direct democracy

What are the Federalist Papers and how/why were they significant?

• The Federalist Papers are 85 essays written by Federalist leaders, John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton to urge the ratification of the Constitution

• Focused on ratification in the NY convention

• Today they are considered the most authoritative source for determining the original intent of the framers of the US Constitution

To what extent did the Constitution change the structure and function of government?

• It strengthened the Central government

• For the prevention of tyranny, it created a system of checks and balances with three branches (Executive, Legislative (2 houses) and Judiciary)

• It created a complex Republic with shared powers between the Central/Federal government and the states (Federalism)

What conflicts did the US face with other nations during the Washington and Adams Administration?

General disrespect for the U.S. as a new Republic by the great of powers Europe (Britain & France)

• Washington

  • France (Fr) expected America’s support in fighting a war against Great Britain (GB), since they were our ally in the American Revolution

    • When the Fr. Rev took a radical turn (king beheaded), U.S. officially declared neutrality 1793

  • Britain constantly violated American shipping interests and neutrality on the high seas, seizing American ships and kidnapping sailors to force them to fight in British navy. They also cont. Military occupation of the Great Lakes/ Frontier areas

    • US makes peace w/Jay’s Treaty → lopsided treaty where US promises preferential trade with GB in exchange GB promises to stop violating

• Adams

• Cont. conflict with France

• Failure to renegotiate Franco-American alliance →  the extortion that took place in the “XYZ Affair” leads to quasi-war with France

What examples of these international conflicts can you name and describe that happened early on during America’s infancy?

• Washington

  • In war btw Britain (Brit) and France (Fr.) American interests are threatened

    • British seized American ships & kidnapped (impressed) sailors to force them to fight in Brit.Navy in war against Fr.

    • Citizen Genet → Attempted to recruit American shippers to attack Brit. vessels in Atlantic

    • Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

• Adams

  • XYZ Affair - French extort American diplomats for money before entering into diplomatic negotiations

  • Adams, furious, publishes incident in the papers

  • Leads to Quasi-War w/ Fr. in which the Americans engage in undeclared naval war with Fr in the Caribbean

What are some early precedents set politically during America’s early years?

• Washington

  • Presidency would not be a lifelong office (retire after two 4 year terms)

  • Neutrality (no permanent alliances)

  • Special trade relationship with GB (Jay’s Treaty)

  • Mr. President (not your majesty)

  • Creation of a Cabinet \n

• Peaceful Transfer of power from one political party, to its opposition (Revolution of 1800)

• Const. Is a living document subject to change through Amendments

• States can challenge Federal law through “nullification” - ex) Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

What were the first 2 national political parties? What were the issues of the day?

• The Federalists led by Hamilton & The Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson

• Issues:

  • Strength of the Central/Federal Government

  • Loose Construction vs Strict Construction

    • National Bank

  • Manufacturing economy vs Agrarian Economy

Name and describe a couple key Supreme Court decisions made during this time that show federal laws taking precedence over state laws.

• Marshall Court → Strengthens power of the Fed Gov

  • McCullough v Maryland

    • National Bank can’t be taxed by states

  • Gibbons v Ogden

    • Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce (not states)

  • Fletcher v Peck

    • State law voiding property contract is unconstitutional

What were the causes and effects of the Louisiana purchase?

• Causes:

  • T. Jefferson motivated to expand U.S. agriculture with land purchase/ western expansion

  • Napoleon indebted after Haitian war and sells L. Territory to finance campaigns in Europe

• Effects:

  • Doubles size of the country

  • Westward expansion

  • Violates T. Jefferson principle of “strict construction,” since president does not have power to unilaterally add territory

List some examples of “regional interests” from the time period of 1800-1848.

• North

  • Manufacturing

    • Protective high tariffs

    • National Bank to act as central banking authority

• Northwest

  • Frontier

    • In need of infrastructural development

      • Roads, canals, etc

• South

  • Slavery, cotton, plantation farming

Explain how regional interests affected debates about the role of the federal government.

• North wants federal government to stimulate industrial revolution and manufacturing industry through high tariffs and a national bank

• Northwest wants government support for infrastructure/ internal improvements

• Slave owning southern states want the federal government to leave the question of slavery to states (states rights defense)

Describe the American System. What debates surrounded its support?

• American System

  • National Bank is rechartered

  • High tariffs

  • Internal Improvements: Canals, roads → infrastructure

• This system mainly benefits the Northeast, especially tariffs

• However, the south is harmed by higher tariffs which increase the price of imported finished goods (bc the south is agricultural, most of their finished goods are imported).

What were the results of the Missouri Compromise?

• North of 36, 30 line, states would enter into the union as free states (slavery not allowed)

• South of the 36, 30 line, states would enter in the union permitting slavery

• To maintain balance between free and slave states in the senate, states would enter into the union as pairs - 1 slave and 1 free

What are some examples of American foreign policy developments during this 1800-1848?

• War of 1812 → Defends U.S. Nationhood “second war for independence”

  • Causes: impressment, arming of natives on the western frontier/ desire for expansion

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)

  • U.S. asserts sphere of influence over the Americas south of Canada.

    • Declares that the Americas are not open for new colonization by European powers

    • Declares neutrality/ policy of non-intervention with European power politics/ war

• Florida Purchase (1819)

  • From Spain

• Louisiana Purchase (1803)

  • From France

What were the goals of these foreign policy developments during 1800-1848?

• 1. Defend Nationhood

  • assert American nationhood as a new republic

• 2. Neutrality

  • ensure American neutrality/ policy of isolation or non-intervention in the affairs of Europe

• 3. Expansion

  • assert American influence over the continent through land purchases, westward expansion and policy like Monroe Doctrine (assertion that the Americas were not open to new colonization from Europe)

What is the Market Revolution? What led to its development?

• Market Revolution → 1st Industrial Revolution

  • US less reliant on foreign imports

  • US boosts internal production/manufacturing

• What led to development?

  • Need for Nat’l improvement after War of 1812 (improve transportation of goods and people)

  • Innovation (textile mills, cotton gin)

  • Government investment (American System)

How did the Market Revolution affect the economy? How did this differ regionally?

• Increasingly National Market emerges

  • Canals and roads link NE to NW

• South rejects industry for cash crops

  • Cotton gin → King Cotton

• Economic specialization

  • South → cotton

  • North → textiles and manufacturing

  • North West → agricultural

How did the Market Revolution affect society? (Regionally, demographically, etc)

• North → growing middle class, women working outside of the home (lowell mill girls), growing immigrant population (Irish & German), Urbanization

• South → Dependence on slave labor and profitability of plantations increase

• Economic specialization contributes to sectionalism, as the North relies on free labor and the South increasingly relies on slave labor

What led to the increase in participatory democracy from 1800-1848? What were the effects?

• Western Land →

  • easy property ownership, more meet property qualifications. These are done away with for white men over time

  • Turner Thesis western expansion led to increased social mobility & democracy

• Effects →

  • Universal White Male Suffrage

  • Election of Andrew Jackson & the Democratic Party

  • “Era of the Common Man”

What were the 2 new political parties by the 1830s? Who led each?

• Democrats → Andrew Jackson

• Whigs → Henry Clay

What changes and continuities were there with political debates from 1800-1848?

• Changes →

  • Tariffs (high after War of 1812 and remain high for the remainder of the 1800s)

  • National Bank → recharter in 1816 (2nd Bank of the US) and then vetoed by Jackson in 1836

• Continuities →

  • Western Expansion

  • The question of slavery and it’s expansion west

How did Native American groups try to limit westward expansion? (examples?) How did the US government responds?

• War of 1812

  • Native Americans armed with British guns on frontiers

    • Tecumseh → pan-indian rebellion

    • Battle of the Thames

    • Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• Raids on Anglo-American Settlements

• To open up western lands to land hungry white settlers, gov under Jackson signed Indian Removal

  • Resistance → Some natives refused to remove from lands, and were forcibly removed → Trail of Tears

What did the “new national culture” of the early 1800s look like? What are some examples of this development?

• Distinctly American language, art, architecture, literature, philosophy etc

  • Webster’s standardized American English

  • Transcendentalism (American philosophy emphasizing the individual) - Henry David Thoreau

  • American literature exalting the western frontier --James Fenimore Cooper

  • American Art movement exalting rugged landscapes -- Hudson River School of Art

What was the Second Great Awakening? Why did it happen?

• Protestant Revival in the early 1800s → Burned over district in upper New York (due to social exchange in and around the Erie Canal)

  • New denominations crop up

• Addresses social problems that arose in the Market Revolution

What are some examples of new reform movements expanding from 1800-1848?

• Abolition

• Women’s Rights

• Education reform

• Temperance

• Hospitals & Asylums reform

How and why did these movements develop during 1800-1848?

• Society was changing as a result of the market revolution and increased immigration

• Protestants (among them many educated women) saw it as their Christian duty to preserve the American Republic (reaction to changes) by reforming/ perfecting society

To what extent did African Americans experience change and continuity in the US from 1800-1848?

• Changes

  • Increased reliance on slavery after the invention of the cotton gin

  • Tobacco farming gives way to cotton farming as dominant cash crop of the south

  • Slavery intensifies and spreads throughout the deep south (cotton belt) and into the western territories (Missouri)

• Continuities

  • slave trade → Domestic slave trade (Second middle passage)

  • Slave laws

Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of the South during 1800-1848.

• Short staple cotton (recently discovered Mexican cotton) grew well in the poor river system of the deep south → Cotton takes off as the primary profitable crop of the deep south and increases the dependence on slave labor

• Tropical diseases endemic → populations are not dense

What factors led to the development of a distinctly Southern regional identity?

• Reliance on slave labor rather than paid free labor → sectionalism

• Plantation economy gave rise to landed aristocracy and a highly unequal society

Explain the extent to which politics, economics, and foreign policy promoted the development of American identity from 1800-1848.

• Foreign Policy: Promotes American Nationhood and a policy of isolation regarding European affairs → contributes to American National Identity

• Politics:

  • Sectionalism emerges over key issues like slavery and the tariff → divisive and contributes to regional identity.

  • Universal white male suffrage promoted democracy for white men only.

• Economics: Market Revolution & Henry Clay’s American system →  While it contributes to an increasingly national market, it also sewed division through economic specialization, diff labor systems and sectional politics

List/describe reasons for westward expansion from 1844-1877.

• Perception of Anglo-American (white) superiority

• Concept of Manifest Destiny

• Western Expansion of Slavery

• Land & resources

  • social mobility

  • gold rush

• Access to Pacific Ocean and trade with East Asia

• Religious persecution (Mormons)

• Transcontinental Railroad

What are the causes and direct effects of the Mexican-American war?

Causes

• Manifest Destiny  → Desire to expand west, acquire California, access the Pacific

• Polk runs on a platform of Western Expansion → promises to acquire California & the Oregon Territory at 54’ 40 line. Offer to purchase California is rejected.

• Texas border dispute → Polk stations troops in a disputed region, triggering the Mexican-American war.

Effects

• Mexican Cession → conflict over whether the new territory will enter into the union as slave or free territory.

  • Wilmot Proviso - Attempt to ban slavery in land                           acquired from Mexico

  • Compromise of 1850

  • Increased Sectionalism

Why did new debates spring up surrounding slavery after 1848?

• Increased sectional political conflict and violence over the western expansion of slavery is triggered by the Mexican Cession.

  • This territory is not governed by the Missouri Compromise.

  • Compromise of 1850 is created to appease both northern and southern interests → leads to the concept of Popular Sovereignty which is applied in Kansas - Nebraska Territory with disastrous effects.

    • Bleeding Kansas

What were some of the key components of the Compromise of 1850?

• The fugitive slave law was strengthened

• The slave trade is abolished in Washington D.C.

• California would enter the union as a free state

• The status of Utah & Nevada territories would be determined by popular sovereignty (vote)

What were different northern arguments opposing the growth of slavery?

• Abolitionists → against slavery everywhere and view it as immoral / evil

• Republican Party → Against the western expansion of slavery. It is born in 1854 in response to the Kansas Nebraska Act which made slavery in the territories north of the 36’30 line a condition of popular soverignty. This repudiated the Missouri Compromise and challenged the balance of power in the Senate.

• Free Soilers → working class northerners against the western expansion of slavery on economic grounds (they did not want to compete with enslaved labor).

How did the abolition movement grow at this time?

The following grow the abolitionist movement:

• The Second Great Awakening

• Publications like William Lloyd Garrison’s “The Liberator”

• Kansas Nebraska Act → Bleeding Kansas and increased violence

What were different southern arguments in defense of slavery?

• Claims that slavery was “a positive good” - paternalism

• Claims that free labor in the north amounted to wage slavery in a capitalist system and that it was worse than slavery in the south.

• Claims that Black people were intellectually unequal to white people.

Explain the political causes of the civil war, including the various attempts at compromise.

• Increased sectional conflict over the status of the Mexican cession territory & the compromise of 1850

• The Kansas Nebraska act of 1854 and the birth of the republican party

• Lincoln in 1861 elected president representing the Republican platform (a.k.a. the non-expansion of slavery west) and the immediate secession of South Carolina.

• Crittenden Compromise

  • Southern attempt to end slavery crisis by making it a permanent institution

  • Introduced in 1860 - rejected by President Lincoln, the House, and the Senate

How did the Republican Party develop?

• Formed in reaction to Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854, which applied the doctrine of popular sovereignty to determine the question of slavery in the western territories.

• The republican party platform challenged popular sovereignty and wanted to limit the expansion of slavery west.

Describe the effects of the election of 1860.

• Each of the four candidates in the Election of 1860 represented sectional interests —> no truly national candidate representing national interests

• After Lincoln is elected, South Carolina secedes from the union, followed by the Deep South (1st wave of secession).

• Lincoln moves to resupply Ft. Sumter —> South fires & Civil War begins —-> the 2nd wave of secession occurs, including Virginia).

How did the Union and Confederacy mobilize their economies and societies to wage war?

• Union — Railroad infrastructure, superior industrial capacity & war contracts with private business, Greenbacks to finance the war, the draft, the Emancipation Proc added 100,000 Black men to union ranks

• Confederacy — the draft, war fought mainly in the south —> home ground advantage / defensive war, economy throttled by blockade of ports as South depended on cotton exports, printed much more currency to fund the war than was done in the North, which led to high inflation

What examples of internal opposition can you describe within either Union or Confederate territory?

• Border states were southern states that remained loyal to the Union

• Copperheads or Peace Democrats were Northern Dems who wanted to sue for early peace - they often sympathized with slaveholders

Explain the factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War.

The North had a manpower & material advantage which they could use to grind the South down.

• Manpower advantage due to high immigration & denser population

• Material advantage due to the Industrial Revolution.

How was the Union’s purpose of war shifted over time? What developments illustrate this?

• Initially the Civil War was seen as war to preserve the Union / a war against domestic insurrection

• After the Emancipation Proclamation, and increasingly over time, the purpose transformed into a war to end Slavery.

How did the Gettysburg address portray the struggle against slavery?

• The struggle against slavery is portrayed as the purpose of the war (rather than the preservation of the Union).

• It’s also portrayed as the fulfillment of the Declaration of Independence assertion that “all men are created equal.”

  • ”Rebirth of Freedom” –> calling for Abolition

How did Reconstruction change the relationship between states and government?

Union victory represented the triumph of the Federal Government over States Rights

• Constitutional Amendments (13th, 14th, 15th)

• Military occupation of the South

What are the “Reconstruction Amendments” (numbers and descriptions)?

• 13th Abolition

• 14th Citizenship and Equal Protection under the law

• 15th Voting Rights for Black men

To what extent did Reconstruction shift power dynamics (political, economic, and cultural) in the south?

• Reconstruction saw limited political change with the Reconstruction Amendments & Northern Rule

• However Reconstruction failed to substantially change the South culturally and economically

  • Sharecropping → economic servitude

  • Black Codes, KKK, Compromise of 1877/ end of Northern military occupation & the rise of Jim Crow all worked to suppress Black rights and preserve white supremacy

How did Reconstruction end and what is its legacy?

Ended with Compromise of 1877

• This ended Northern military rule over the South in exchange for a Republican Presidency - Rutherford B Hayes - in the contested election of 1876

• Removal of Northern troops led to Southern “Redeemers” (former high-ranking confederate officers) resuming power, the continuation of White Supremacy, the circumvention of Black rights as promised in the Reconstruction Amendments and the terrorizing of Black people under Jim Crow.

What were the effects of mechanization in agriculture?

• Mechanization

  • Indebted farmers

  • & led to surplus production and falling prices & profits (deflation) \n

• Farmers will demand “free silver” (inflationary) to correct deflation

What were the significant transportation changes during 1865 to 1898 and what were the effects of these changes?

• Expansion of railroads across the country

  • Transportation revolution & formation of a National Market

    • Increased interconnectedness, transportation and productivity

    • Decreased travel time

What economic opportunities were available in the West? What were the limits to those opportunities?

• Gold Rush → Supply limited

• Farmers

  • Homestead → Drought, Oversupply of farm product (falling prices), conflict with Native Americans

  • Farmers struggle to compete in a national market

  • Natives disposed from land

What examples of violent conflict can you name between white settlers and American Indians?

• Plains Wars

  • Battle of Little Bighorn

  • Wounded Knee Massacre

What was the US government’s response to American Indians? What was their response to US government actions?

• Forced Assimilation

  • Carlisle School

  • Dawes Severalty

• Wavoka → Ghost Dancers attempt to preserve culture leads to armed conflict and Massacre at Wounded Knee

To what extent did the South show continuities after Reconstruction?

• Cont → Economic

  • Sharecropping & economic servitude

• Cont → White Supremacy

  • Black Codes, Jim Crow

  • Redeemers take back control of South

    • Violence & Black Disenfranchisement

What effects did technological advances have on the economy during 1865 to 1898?

• Telegraph lines, Railroads, Steamships contribute to the growth & coordination of the economy in a National Market → Economic productivity increases

• Steel & Oil → Modern America

  • Carnegie & Bessemer Process → infrastructure & urbanization (sky rises)

  • Rockefeller & Oil

What developments enabled rapid economic development and business consolidation during 1865 to 1898?

• Concept of limited liability encouraged investment and the pooling of resources

• Vertical Integration → controlling all levels of production

  • Ex) from raw materials to manufacturing to distribution of finished product

• Horizontal Integration → combine firms operating at the same level of production

  • Ex) Oil refinery attempts to ruin rival oil refineries with buyouts & rate wars

What were the effects of business consolidation during 1865 to 1898?

• Monopolies form

• Wealth inequality

• Labor strife

  • (workers deskilled through scientific management, attempt to increase bargaining power through union action)

• Government corruption

  • underscored by doctrines of laissez faire and social Darwinism

What migration patterns occurred during 1865-1898 (internal and external)?

• Internal migration

  • Westward Migration of Homesteaders & 49ers (Gold Rush)

  • Farmers struggle to compete in National Market → reverse migration back to cities

• External migration

  • Influx of immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe & China

What were the causes and effects of these patterns during 1865-1898?

• External → Variety of push & pull factors

  • Pull: economic opportunity, religious freedom, liberty

  • Push: war, famine, persecution

• Internal → land, social mobility, mineral wealth (gold)

What examples of increased economic opportunity are evident during 1865-1898?

• Increased manufacturing via industrial revolution gives rise to

  • Consumer economy

    • Higher standard of living (Sears, home electrification, etc)

  • Availability of wage labor & factory jobs

• Railroads unite the country in a national market

  • Western homesteading is viable

  • Cities boom along railroad lines

What were the effects of increasing economic opportunity on society during 1865-1898?

• Emergence of a consumer society & rising standard of living

• Attracted migration into the city (urbanization) for opportunities

Explain how different reform movements responded to the rise of industrial capitalism in the Gilded Age.

• Third Great Awakening inspired the Social Gospel Movement

  • Focused energies on wealth inequality and solving issues of poverty and urbanization

  • Reform efforts often centered on “Americanizing” immigrants

• Settlement Houses/Hull House

To what extent did the role of the government in the US economy change during 1865-1898?

• CONTINUOUS throughout this period:

  • Minimal gov’t intervention & the concept of Laissez-Faire capitalism

  • The push for populist reform failed in the election of 1896

What were the political debates of 1865-1898?

• Asian Immigration

• Patronage Reform (Pendleton Civil Service Act)

• Tariff Reform

• Populist Agenda

• Gold/ Silver Debate (Bi-metalism)

What were the causes of the Populist Party’s development and what did they achieve?

• Causes:

  • Plight of the Western Farmer

    • High debt, falling crop prices and low profits

    • Deflation

    • RR abuse / price discrimination

• Achieved organization within cooperatives and battled for political reform:

  • Grange (calls to regulate RR)

  • Farmers Alliances (ICC)

  • Organization at the Nat’l level w/ the Populist (Peoples) Party.

    • Omaha Platform

To what extent was industrialization the root of change from 1865-1898?

• To a great extent

  • Transforms standard of living

  • Transforms the relationship between workers and capitalists

    • Many strikes

  • Transforms the modern american city (urbanization)

  • Attracts a massive influx of immigration

  • Transforms government (Laissez-Faire) & the economy (national market, consumer good)