HST 204 Quiz 1 study guide GVSU

Renaissance

A period of revival of art and learning in Europe, emphasizing human potential and individual achievement.

Humanism

A cultural and intellectual movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the study of classical texts and human potential.

Machiavelli

Political philosopher known for his work 'The Prince,' advocating for political realism and the idea that 'the end justifies the means.'

Protestant Reformation

A 16th-century movement that challenged the practices of the Catholic Church, initiated by figures like Martin Luther.

Luther's 95 Theses

A document by Martin Luther that criticized the Catholic Church’s practices, especially the sale of indulgences.

Calvinism

A branch of Protestantism founded by John Calvin that stresses predestination and the sovereignty of God.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that suggests that national strength is directly related to economic power, often accompanied by government regulation of the economy.

Absolutism

A political doctrine in which a single ruler holds complete power and authority over the state, often justified by divine right.

Ottoman Empire

A major Islamic empire that lasted from the 14th century to the early 20th century, known for its cultural and religious tolerance.

Safavid Empire

An empire established in Persia in the 16th century that promoted the Shia branch of Islam.

Mughal Empire

An empire in the Indian subcontinent from the 16th to the 19th centuries known for its cultural achievements and architecture.

Akbar

The most notable Mughal emperor who promoted religious tolerance and helped to unite the diverse Indian population.

Din-i Ilahi

A syncretic religion propounded by Akbar that aimed to reconcile the differences between Hinduism and Islam.

Encomienda System

A labor system that allowed Spanish colonizers to demand tribute and labor from indigenous peoples in the Americas.

The Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 treaty that allowed German princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as their territory's religion.

Woodcuts

Engravings on wood used for printing illustrations, significant in spreading Reformation ideas.

Jean Calvin

French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation who founded Calvinism and published 'The Institutes of the Christian Religion.'

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, known for their educational, missionary, and charitable works.

Thirty Years War

A destructive conflict in Europe from 1618 to 1648 between various Protestant and Catholic states, ending with the Treaty of Westphalia.

Louis XIV

King of France known as the 'Sun King' who epitomized absolute monarchy and centralized state power.

Ironclad Division

Refers to the naval ships covered with iron plates during the Age of Exploration, indicating advancements in military technology.

Slavery in ancient times

The practice of owning people and forcing them to work, which became significant in the transatlantic slave trade.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards, often made up of Christian youths taken through the devshirme system.

Laissez-faire

An economic system where transactions between private parties are free from government intervention, including protective tariffs or regulations.

Divine Right of Kings

The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God and are not accountable to their subjects.

Colonialism

The practice of acquiring control over another country or territory, often through conquest, establishing settlements, and exploiting resources.