HST 204 Quiz 1 study guide GVSU

The quiz covers Chapters 14 & 15 from World History by Duiker and Spielvogel. See the Syllabus reading list under Week 1-Ch 15  & Week 2-Ch 14.

Part I: Fill in the blanks, and Multiple choice.

Use these terms to guide your study and review.

The list is not exhaustive, nor will everything on it be on the test.

Renaissance, Humanism, Virtu, Christian Humanism, Erasmus, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Louis XI, Henry VII, Aragon, Castile, Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg, Ivan III, Mongols, Italy, Marco Polo, Machiavelli, Martin Luther, Frederick of Saxony, Charles V, Peace of Augsburg, Calvin, English Reformation, Henry VIII, Act of Supremacy, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Mary (Bloody Mary), Elizabeth I, Edward VI, Protestant denominations, Huguenots, Edict Of Nantes, Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation), Jesuits, Papacy, Council of Trent, Thirty Years War, Witchcraft, mercantilism, Absolutism, Louis XIV, Treaty of Utrecht, Cromwell, Royalist vs Puritans, Constitutional monarchy.

Portuguese, Vasco da Gama, Bartholomeu Dias, Alfonso de Albuquerque, Goa, Calicut, Malacca, Macao, spices, Muslim traders, portolani, astrolabe, Columbus, John Cabot, Amerigo Vespucci, Cortes, Pizarro, Inca, Aztec, Treaty of Tordesillas, Encomienda, Potosi mines, Transatlantic slave trade, Southeast Asia, European pockets of influence.

Part II: Essay

Note: Essay prompts-

Only ONE of the Two essays will appear in the test.

1.     The Protestant Reformation, social and political changes in the fifteenth and sixteenth century Europe.

2.     The Age of Exploration- European expansion in the Americas and in Asia including Southeast Asia- Compare and contrast.  


Notes:

Europe Transformed: Reform and State building

Rennasonce: revival of art and learning

• Gutenberg was the first person to develop printing

• This allowed more access to religious books 

• Allowed Europe to compete with China. Helped with geographical explorations

Rennasonce: Big shift in focus, allowing for the development of culture, art flourished during this time.

Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo. This art reflects the new shift in thinking, a new attitude of mind. Humans are the focus of attention. 

Human potential, knowledge, and learning allow someone to acquire Virto (glory and power) education = Virto. Humanism

Monarchy: centralized power

FranceL Louis XI (1461-1483)

• Imposing tax on land and property (source of income for the monarchy)

England: Henry VII (1485 - 1509)

• Abolished private army

Spain: Isabelle of castile and Feridinado of Argon

• Independent Christian kingdom 

• Enforces religious uniformity

Holy Romain Empire:

Germany: Independent stares under a German prince

• Early Roman Empire came from the Habsburg Dynasty

• They were the richest land holders in the bid 15th century

• This eventually weakened and people preferred the princes 

Russia: 13th Century under Mongol

• The mongol’s were violent

• Ivan III (1462-1505) The prince of Russia establishes Russia state

Italy: Powerful houses that control city-states

• Milan: Visconti fan=mily and Sforza rulers

• Venice: Venetian merchants 

• Florance: Medici family

Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince

• “End justifies the means”

• Dont worry about morals

• No moral compass 

Whenever we say prince, we can tie that with government or ruler

Christain Humanism:

• Italian Renaissance started moving in the 1450’s

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

Italian renaissance moved north and reached there in the 15th century 

Protestant Reformation 16th century

Martin Luther:

• Born in Prussian in 1483

• Priest

• Professor of theology at the university of Wittenberg

• Much more radial than Erasmus

• His break with the catholic church began when he proposed his 95 theses that challenged papal authority 

• Luther took religion from the elite to the masses

Luther's ideas challenged the catholic church in which he thought that Sin was inescapable, Salvation was a gift from god, Faith alone to obtain salvation, authority was on the Bible, priests could get married.

Woodcuts are engravings on wood that are used to make print. In the 1520s after Luther returned to Wittenberg, his teachings spread rapidly, resulting in a reform movement that was supported by state authorities.

Frederic of Saxony

Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (punishment for not agreeing with the church)

Charles V - Holy Roman Emperor wanted Luther to recant and reject his own statements but he refused and was given protection by this Frederic of Saxony person. Many German princes started to take on Luther's ideology and soon his ideology became state churches  

Couldnt spend all of his time trying to suppress Luther because he was in a territorial battle with France (neighbor) 

By around the mid-16th century Lutheranism was established 

The peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555 (very important document)

For the first time the German prices could choose their own denomination. First sneak peek of religious freedom. 

Peasant revolts because of taxes - Luther supported German princes during this revolt

DISCUSSION RESPONSE:

The Renaissance was a period of change in Europe focused on learning, human achievements, and new ideas. Italy’s city-states, like Florence and Venice, were ruled by families like the Medici. These families, along with the Pope, kept Italy divided.

Humanism encouraged studying history and literature to understand human potential. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo reflected this in their work. Gutenberg’s printing press spread ideas and made books more accessible.

In France, Louis XI strengthened the monarchy with taxes. Henry VII of England banned private armies. In Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand united the country and enforced religious conformity. Ivan III of Russia freed the country from Mongol rule.

Niccolò Machiavelli said rulers should focus on power, even if the decisions were immoral. His idea, "the end justifies the means," became known.

In the 1500s, Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church. He believed salvation came through faith alone. His 95 Theses spread quickly thanks to the printing press. German princes supported Luther, and in 1555, the Peace of Augsburg let them choose their region’s religion. 

A qustion that came to mind was why did the renaissance begin in Italy rather than other parts of Europe?

WEEK 1 VIDEOS 3-5

Video 3

John Calvin (1509-1564)

• Founder of Calvinism 

• Native of France

• In 1536, he published the Institutes of the Christian Religion

• Believed in faith alone

English Reformation 

• Henry VIII (1509-1547) (King of England)

• Had 6 wifes

• First wife was Catherine of Aragon (had a daughter, Mary (raised Catholic))

• Henry wanted to divorce his first wife and marry Anne Boleyne (had daughter Elizibeth that was raised Protestant) but the church of rome (Pope) wouldn't allow it

• His third wife was Jane Seymour that had a son named Edward VI

• Got around the whole not allowing the divorce by asking Thomas Cranmer (archbishop of Canterbury) to declare the marriage with Catherine invalid 

• This starts the transition of catholicism to protestanism 

• The Act of Supremacy was passed in 1534 (Made henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England)

• The church of England is now separated from the church of Rome

• After Henry died, his son Edward VI took over

• After 6 years, Mary took the throne (Bloody Mary)

• Mary ruled for 5 years and died in 1558 

• Elizabeth then took over the throne (1558-1603)

• Anabaptists (SE corner of France, Easter Europe) was considered radical by other protestants because of the “Thou shall not kill” saying.

Protestant denominations

• Anglican 

• Calvinist

• Roman Catholic

• Lutheran

• Anabaptists 

• Prespetarian

England was all catholic before some of them became protestant 

How did England transition from catholic to protestant?

• Not a religious reason

• It was for a political reason
  
  

• Calvinists in France were called Huguenots (were persecuted)

• Bartholomew Day massacre 1572

• Henry IV - (passed a document called Edict of Nantes 1598)

• This declared that the Huguenots could practice their religion in peace but only in private and not in public

• In the 17th century, when Louis XIV was around, he revoked this document in 1685 which led to protestant to leave the country in large numbers

Video 4

• By the mid-16th century, Lutheranism became fully established in Germany, Scandinavian countries, 

• Calvinism spreads to Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Eastern Europe 

Catholic Reformation: Counter-Reformation

• The Catholic response to Luther and Calvin

How did they respond?

• They put their faith in the 3 pillars of the catholic church

• Those were Jesuits, Council of Trent, and Reformed Papacy

Jesuits

• Society of Jesus

• Founded by a man named Ignatius Loyola (Spanish knight) who became a priest

• Became the most important new religious order of the Catholic Reformation

• Established mission schools all over the world

Reformed papacy

Thirty Years War: 1618-1648

• Europe was involved 

• Was between the Catholics and the Protisans

• Fought on German soil

• Ended with the Treaty of Westphalia 1648

• This claimed that the German states were free to choose their own religion 

• Political war not just a religious war

• The aftermath of the war, France emerged on top

• Starts the beginning of a modern state after the war

Witchcraft

• Thousands of women were identified as being witches 

• Burned if found a witch

• By mid 17th century this subsided 

Social organization in 17th-century Europe

• Divided into 3 estates (Clergy, Nobility, Middle-class)

Aristocracy of the Sword

• Important people 

Aristocracy of the Robe

• Shows gentle behavior

• Discusses politics

Salons

• People gather together

Mercantilism - trade in bullion

• The concept on how the wealth of a country was measured

Video 5

Absolutism 

• The King has divine authority 

• Reaction against the violent past

• Effort by monarchs to limit the power of the church

• Law and order should be under 1 ruler

• Dueling is outlawed (so theres no civil war)

• Nobels to king as planets to sun (everything evolves around the kin)

Louis XIV (1643-1715)

• Called himself the Sun King

• Good at using elaborate code of behavior 

• Had absolute power to decide all matters of the state

• He says “I am the state”

• Fought states of Europe in 4 separate wars

• The last war was the War of Spanish Succession and he was defeated 

• The war ended with the Treaty of Utrecht 1713

Kangxi of Qing dynasty

• Saw himself as the celestial center of the universe

• Says that he was mandated by heaven to rule over people 

England: Political developments

• James I - Stuart king of England (was originally James the VI)

• James had a son named Charles I

• During Charles time, there was a civil war that was going on for 7 years 

• This was between the Royalist vs Puritans

• Royalists are the supporters of the king

• Puritans apart of the Anglican church 

• Charles I gets executed because he tried to enhance taxes 

• In post-civil war England becomes a republic under Oliver Cromwell a Puritan leader

• Commonwealth was established 1649

• Oliver Cromwell turns into a military dictator 

• Oliver Cromwell dies 1658 

• Army steps in and restors the monacrhy 

• Charles II was banished but then the military steps in and was restored to the throne

• His brother James II took over the throne (Glorious Revolution 1688)

• Marry II and William III both took over the throne from James II

• Bill of Rights 1689, this protected the rights of citizens

• Limited the power of the ruler

• Rights of the Parliament

• Constitutional Monarchy meaning monarch is subject to a written constitution 

• By 1715 England became a classic example of a monarchy under written laws

• Sets the stage for the future

WEEK 2 VIDEOS 1-2

New Encounters: Creation of a world market

VIDEO 1 

When and why did Europeans engage on voyages of discovery?

Europe:

• The Motive

• The Means

• Renaissance - Encouraged the Spirit of inquiry (emphasis on human potential) played a big role

• Religion - Missionary zeal

• Their need to conquer and need for power was also an important motive

• Surplus capital generated by the Feudal economy was used for explorations (it was expensive)

• Need for spices 

• The spice trade was monopolized at the time by the Arabs and Indian Muslims so another reason for them to go on voyages was to stop this monopoly. They wanted to get rid of the middle man and go to the source of the spices.

• Economic factor was a big reason 

• The word Species was used to describe spices as well as other goods as a whole

• The Muslim spice monopoly spread to the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia

• Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch

• The Muslims presence in indonesia have always been very strong

• 1292 Marco Polo traveled to Indonesia 

• Today, Indonesia has the highest Muslim population in the world

• Sea travel was not yet possible or there was not a route that could be traveled or had not yet been discovered 

• They traveled by land

• The overland trade was not possible because of the Muslims in Central Asia

• The opportunity to go over land for Europe came when 

• In the 13th Century, the Mongols plundered Central Asia (furious tribes from in or around Mongolia)

• They destroyed the land and then just returned to their home land

• Because of that the Muslim power in central asia declined

• This paved the way for Europe to go over land to the treasures of the east

• 14th Centruy Mongol Empire Breaksup

• The rallies of the Muslim tribes then began to rise 

• Missionary zeal was a big reason for Europe to take overseas voyages 

• Europe wanted to convert the Heathans to Christianity 

• They thought they were doing God's work and should be rewarded

• Europe was going through the faze of centralized monarchies 

• Portugal was unable to compete with europe 

• Spain was in a position to take power 

• Prince henry the navigator 

• Sailors were afraid of the dark unknown waters

An age of exploration 

• Portuguese were the first in the age of expiration 

The portugues maritime Empote

• Prince henry the navigator

• Discovered gold along senegal/gold coast

• Shipped African slaves to Europe

• 1487 Bartholomeu Dias

Vasco da Gama landed in Cochin

• Got permission from Zamorin of calicut to trade in that region

Alfonso d Albuquerqueque 1510 battle of Malacca

• With recureits from india he was successful in that battle and Malacca became under control of the Portuguese 

• Malacca was a major spice hub

In this Voyage the Portuguese got 2 major trading places, Goa and Malacca

The Portuguese also focused on Ceylon 

• Zelonca was also the center of the spice hub too (cinnamon market)

The search for spice took them beyond to the spice islands

• They push further to Macao - center bullion market

In the indian ocea area, before the coming of the European area, Chinese chips called gunk ships had sailed in the india ocean area but now retreated when Europeans came to the region 

• Europeans invested in capital for the slave trade 

Video 2

Role of technology 

• Portolani (charts) were used and drawn on a flat scale due to them thinking the earth was flat

• Stern-post rudder (idea from china), sails, square rig, compass, astrolabe (measures altitude of sun and stars)

• Developed superior military strategy 

• Had lighter ships (faster)

• Caravels were developed and were fast, light, maneuverable 

• State-sponsored voyages 

• Expedition of Columbus was sponsored by Queen Isabelle of Spain

• Jogn CAbots expedition was sponsored by Henry VII of England

• Amerigo Vespucci expedition was sponsored by Spain 

• Pedro Cabral was a Portuguese sailor and explored brazil around 1500 and claimed it for portugal 

Spaniards in the New World

• Motivaded by zeal, greed, religion, and glory for their king

• Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztecs in ventral Mexico 

• Francisco Pizarro overthrew the Incas and took over Peruvian Andes

• Natives were killed by European diseases 

• By the end of the 15th century the Spanish and Portuguese were so successful, that between the two of them they divided the world into 2 areas of influence 

• East of that dotted line, including the eastern coastline of Brazil, was the Portuguese area of influence, the west of that line was the Spanish side of influence 

• the European perspective of the conquer is on the left in the image and the Spanish perspective is on the right 

Motives behind the Spanish conquest

• Religion

• Glory for the country 

• Social mobility 

• Cortes and his success

The Andean World (what did the Spanish conquest do)

• Vertical archipelago

• Ayllu (kingship group that had the right to hold traditional land. Ownership of land belonged to the community and not one person) 

• Ayni (Reciprocal labor) a sense of balance and harmony came from this

• When the Spanish came to the land they did not fully understand the system

• In place of the Ayllu system, came the Encomienda system (this allowed Spanish to collect tribute from the natives)

• In return, the spanish were supposed to give the natives protection but in reality, this became a place of exploitation and diseases were brought and they died. 

• The natives worked so hard that a munk named Bartolome de las casas was so moved by this that he appeals the spanish government to the Encomienda system. It eventually gets abolished

• Potosi mines in Peru was a major silver supply for the Spanish 

• The fluidity of this evolved Commercial capitalism 

Video 3

Mercantilism (present in England from 1500-1800) - Trade in bullion (gold and silver)

• The idea was to encourage exports and discourage imports

• Keep the bullion inn their one country 

• Only one country benefited from the trade

In the 18th century, a new form of trading came to be: Laissez faire (free trade)

• There were several european contenders, in the east and the west

• In the east the portuguese were supreme by the 16th century

• In the west, spain had to face competition from many countries 

• The British proceeded to create their one colonies in the new world beginning in 1607 in james town 

Who came to Asia first?

• Traders and adventures 

• Trading companies 

 - Eglish East India Company in 1600

- Dutch East India Company in 1602

- French East India Company in 1604

The natives tried to limit Europens taking from their land

In China, the Portuguese were given permission to trade in canton and macaw

• The Chinese emperor tried to restrict operations by limiting Europeans to only one trading post 

missionaries: allowed to go into the interior to set up their mission 

• Conquerors and political powers came next

Indo-China = Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia 

-colonized by the french in the 19th century and done so by a bishop 

Evangelism (the idea to convert people to Christianity

Africa

• Weakening of older kingdoms

• Islamic movements 

Transatlantic slave trade in Africa

• Increasing western pressure 

• Slave ships - casualty rate was as high as 55% on those

• Why were the slaves treated so poorly? (Economic purposes and because a fightback was feared)

Video 4

Southeast Asia

• India - Indic

• China - Sinic

• Southeast Asia was viewed in the context of the Indian civilization  

• The northern part was under the influence of Sinic (China)

• In the 16th century, once southeast Asia was opened to the west the fait of souetheast asia becomes bound up in events from distant parts of the world

• Europe came to southeast asia looking for spices (common and saffron were want the wanted)

• Cinnamon was abundant in Ceylon

• Pepper was found in Java and Sumatra

• Nutmeg was found in Borneo and Celebes

• Cloves were found in the Moluccas and Banda Islands

• Gujarat traders and Arab traders monopolized the spice trade 

• Took spices for malacca to armuz to egypt to alexandrea 

• To break the spice monopoly the europeans went to the source

Southeast asia with the coming of the Europeans was transformed

• Transformed into pockets of European dominance 

• Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch

• Malaysia was colonized by the British 

• Burma was colonized by the British 

• Philippines was colonized by Spain and then America

• Indo-China was colonized by the French 

The transatlantic slave trade and European colonization transformed global trade systems and shifted the balance of power between nations. The "Gateway to Slavery" on Goree Island in Senegal shows where millions of Africans were forced onto ships and sent to the Americas to work on sugar plantations. A lot of people died on the journey, with death rates on slave ships as high as 55% because of terrible conditions.

In Southeast Asia, Europeans wanted spices like cinnamon, pepper, and nutmeg, which were very valuable. They took control of the spice trade by going straight to the source, breaking the control of Arab and Gujarati traders. By the 1800s, the Dutch ruled Indonesia, and the British controlled Malaysia and Burma. The Philippines were ruled by Spain, and later America, while France took over Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia (called Indo-China).

From the 1500s to the 1800s, a system called mercantilism tried to keep wealth inside one country by selling more goods than were bought. Later, free trade became more popular. European trading companies, like the English and Dutch East India Companies, led global trade. Missionaries and political leaders followed, weakening African kingdoms and Southeast Asian trade systems, leaving these regions under European control.

here is a summary of chapter 14: Beginning in the fifteenth century, the pace of international commerce throughout the world increased dra matically. Chinese fleets embarked on several visits to the Indian Ocean while Muslim traders extended their activities into the Spice Islands and sub-Saharan West Africa. Then the Europeans burst onto the world scene. Beginning with the seemingly modest ventures of the Portuguese ships that sailed southward along the West African coast, the process accelerated with the epoch-making voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas and Vasco da Gama to the Indian Ocean in the 1490s. Soon a number of other Eu ropean states had entered the fray, helping to create a global trade network that distributed foodstuffs, textiles, spices, and precious minerals from one end of the globe to the other. In less than three hundred years, the expansion of the global trade network changed the face of the world. In some areas, such as the Americas and the Spice Islands, it led to the destruction of indigenous civiliza tions and the establishment of European colonies. In others, as in Africa, South Asia, and mainland Southeast Asia, it left native regimes intact, but had a strong impact on local societies and regional trade patterns. In some areas, it led to an irreversible decline in traditional institutions and values, setting in motion a corrosive process that has not been reversed to this day. Chapter Summary ■ 417 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. At the time, most European observers viewed the process in a favorable light. Not only did it lead to an expansion of world trade and foster the exchange of new crops and discoveries between the Old and New Worlds, but it also introduced Christianity to what were known as “heathen peoples” around the globe. Some modern historians have been much more critical of the process, concluding that European activities during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries created a “tributary mode of production” based on European profits from unequal terms of trade that foreshadowed the exploitative relationship characteristic of the later colonial period. Other scholars have questioned that contention, however, and argue that although Western commercial operations had a significant impact on global trade patterns, they did not—at least not be fore the nineteenth century—usher in an era of Western domi nance over the rest of the world. Muslim merchants were long able to evade European efforts to eliminate them from the spice trade, while local traders, some of them migrants from China and South Asia, dominated commercial activities in many of the port cities within the region. In the meantime, the trans Saharan caravan trade was relatively unaffected by European merchant shipping along the West African coast. Only in the late nineteenth century did Europeans begin to penetrate into the heart of the continent. In the meantime, traditional empires continued to hold sway over many of the lands washed by the Muslim faith. Be yond the Himalayas, Chinese emperors in their new northern capital of Beijing retained proud dominion over all the vast ter ritory of continental East Asia. Here is a summary of chapter 15: In the last chapter, we observed how the movement of Europe ans beyond Europe began to change the shape of world history. But what had made this development possible? After all, the Reformation of the sixteenth century, initially begun by Martin Luther, had brought about the religious division of Europe into Protestant and Catholic camps. By the middle of the sixteenth century, it was apparent that the religious passions of the Reformation era had brought an end to the religious unity of medieval Europe. The religious division (Catholics versus Protestants) was instrumental in beginning a series of religious wars that were complicated by economic, social, and political forces that also played a role. The crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries soon led to a search for a stable, secular order of politics and made possible the emergence of a system of nation-states in which power politics took on increasing signifi cance. Within those states, there slowly emerged some of the machinery that made possible a growing centralization of power. In those states called absolut ist, strong monarchs with the assistance of their aristocracies took the lead in providing the leadership for greater centralization. In this so-called age of absolutism, Louis XIV, the Sun King of France, was the model for other rulers. Strong monarchy also prevailed in central and eastern Europe, where three new pow ers made their appearance: Prussia, Austria, and Russia. But not all European states followed the pattern of abso lute monarchy. Especially important were developments in England, where a series of struggles between the king and Parliament took place in the seventeenth century. In the long run, the landed aristocracy gained power at the expense of the monarchs, thereby laying the foundations for a constitutional 446 

ChAPTER 15 Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. government in which Parliament provided the focus for the in stitutions of centralized power. In all the major European states, a growing concern for power and dynamic expansion led to larger armies and greater conflict, stronger economies, and more powerful governments. From a global point of view, Europeans—with their strong governments, prosperous economies, and strengthened mili tary forces—were beginning to dominate other parts of the world, leading to a growing belief in the superiority of their civilization. Yet despite Europeans’ increasing domination of global trade markets, they had not achieved their goal of di minishing the power of Islam, first pur sued during the crusades. In fact, as we shall see in the next chapter, in the midst of European expansion and exploration, three new and powerful Muslim empires were taking shape in the Middle East and South Asia.