ap psych motivation

motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

instinct

A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.

drive reduction theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need, restoring homeostasis.

homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state.

incentives

External stimuli that either appeal to our needs or trigger positive or negative feelings, influencing behavior

hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow’s theory that human needs are arranged in a pyramid, with physiological needs at the base and self-actualization at the top

set point

the weight range in which the body naturally tends to stay, controlled by the hypothalamus and influenced by genetics and environment

sexual response cycle

Masters and Johnson’s four-stage model of sexual arousal: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

estrogen

A sex hormone, primarily in females, that contributes to the development of female sexual characteristics and regulates the reproductive cycle

testosterone

A sex hormone, primarily in males, that influences the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics

achievement motivation

The drive to excel, succeed, or accomplish tasks, often in relation to a standard of excellence

task leadership

Leadership that focuses on setting goals, organizing work, and ensuring that tasks are completed efficiently

social leadership

Leadership that focuses on building teamwork, mediating conflicts, and supporting group cohesion

emotion

A complex psychological state involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

james lange theory

The theory that emotions result from our awareness of physiological responses to stimuli (e.g., "I feel afraid because my heart is racing")

cannon bard theory

The theory that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently

two factor/ cognitive appraisal/ schachter singer theory

The theory that emotion is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive label (e.g., "My heart is racing, and I label this as fear")

catharsis

The emotional release of aggressive or pent-up feelings, often through activities like venting or art

feel good do good

The tendency of people to be more helpful when they are in a good mood

subjective well being

An individual’s self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

adaption level phenomenon

The tendency to judge new experiences based on prior experiences, leading to a return to a baseline level of happiness

relative deprivation

The perception that one is worse off compared to others, which can affect emotions and motivation