anatomy practice questions

regarding anatomical terminology, which of the following statements is true?

a. in the atomical position, the person stands erect with the forearms supinated

b. the sagittal plane divides the body into unequal left and right parts

c. the transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower parts

d. the plantar surface is found on the sole of the foot

e. pronation is the lateral rotation of the forearm causing the palm of the hand to face anteriorly

i think e

which of the following statements about the brain is false

a. white matter is compromised of myelinated axons

b. the dura mater is the deepest layer of the cranial meninges

c. cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space

d. the primary motor area is located in the frontal lobe

e. the latest fissure separates frontal lober from the temporal lobe

b.

which of the following movements of the scapula does not occur?

1. flexion

2. elevation

3. protraction

4. upward rotation

5. downward rotation

flexion

what is the name of the shoulder joint

1. radioulnar joint

2. acromioclavicular joint

3. humeroradal joint

4. glenohumeral joint

5. tibiofemoral joint

glenohumeral

which of the following is an intrinsic muscle of the hand?

1. deltoid

2. flexor carpi ulnaris

3. flexor pollicis brevis

4. extensor digiti minimi

5. tibialis anterior

flexor pollicis brevis

which of the following muscles acts to both flex and rotate the trunk?

1. transversus abdominis

2. rectus abdominis

3. tensor fasciae latae

4. lattissimus dorsi

5. internal oblique

internal oblique

in the anatomical position the fibula is located?

1. medical to the tibia

2. anterior to the tibia

3. parallel to the tibia

4. superior to the tibia

5. posterior to the tibia

medial to the tibia

name a muscle that flexes the trunk

rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

name 1 movement at the knee joint

flexion & extension

name 2 movents at shoulder joint

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

common types of bone fractures and bone disorders functions

include pathologic, avulsion, comminuted, and stress fractures, as well as osteoporosis and arthritis.

describe the structural and functional classifications of joints

Joints can be classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, and functionally as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable, based on the range of motion they allow.

List the three types of fibrous joints & describe their structures functions

The three types of fibrous joints are sutures (found in the skull, immovable), syndesmoses (connected by ligaments, slightly movable), and gomphoses (tooth sockets, immovable). These joints provide stability and protect underlying structures.

Name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints & describe their structures & functions

The two types of cartilaginous joints are synchondroses (bones connected by hyaline cartilage, typically immovable) and symphyses (bones connected by fibrocartilage, slightly movable). These joints allow limited movement while providing cushioning and stability.

Describe the structure of synovial joints, their 6 subtypes, their type of movement & provide examples

Synovial joints are characterized by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid, allowing for a wide range of movements. They include six subtypes: hinge (e.g., elbow), ball-and-socket (e.g., shoulder), pivot (e.g., neck), ellipsoidal (e.g., wrist), saddle (e.g., thumb), and planar (e.g., between wrist bones), which all facilitate various types of movement such as flexion, extension, rotation, and gliding.

Outline the function of ligaments, articular discs, bursae & tendon sheaths

Ligaments provide stability to joints by connecting bones together, while articular discs absorb shock and improve fit between articulating bones. Bursae reduce friction between tissues in joints, and tendon sheaths protect tendons as they slide over bones and other structures.

Explain the effects of aging & exercise on joints

Aging leads to decreased cartilage elasticity, reduced synovial fluid production, and increased risk of joint disorders such as osteoarthritis. Regular exercise can improve joint function and mobility, maintain cartilage health, and strengthen the muscles around joints.

Describe common joint injuries

Common joint injuries include sprains, strains, dislocations, and cartilage tears. These injuries often result from trauma, overuse, or degeneration and can lead to pain, swelling, and reduced mobility.

Outline the types, functions & properties of muscular tissue

Muscular tissue is classified into three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Each type has distinct functions—skeletal muscle facilitates voluntary movement, cardiac muscle pumps blood in the heart, and smooth muscle controls involuntary movements in organs.

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle and the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers & their arrangements

Skeletal muscle is composed of long, cylindrical fibers that are multinucleated and striated. The three types of skeletal muscle fibers are Type I (slow-twitch), Type IIa (fast-twitch oxidative), and Type IIb (fast-twitch glycolytic), each varying in their arrangement and function regarding endurance and power.

Outline how skillet al muscle attaches to bone& moves them

Skeletal muscle attaches to bone via tendons, which are strong connective tissues. Upon muscle contraction, these attachments enable movement of the bones, allowing for joint motion.

Explain the difference between isometric & isotonic muscle contraction

Isometric contraction occurs when muscle tension increases without changing muscle length, while isotonic contraction involves muscle shortening or lengthening to produce movement, maintaining constant tension.

Explain now the prime mover, antagonist, sunergist, & fixator in a muscle group work together to produce movements

The prime mover, or agonist, is the muscle primarily responsible for a specific movement, while the antagonist opposes that movement. Synergists assist the prime mover by stabilizing joints and adding extra force, and fixators immobilize the origin of the prime mover, allowing for more efficient movement.

Explain now aging e exercise affects skeletal muscle

Aging and exercise can significantly impact skeletal muscle by causing a decline in muscle mass and strength over time, known as sarcopenia. Regular exercise, especially resistance training, can help counteract these effects by promoting muscle growth and maintaining function.

Outline common skeletal muscle injuries & disorders

Common skeletal muscle injuries include strains, sprains, and tears, while disorders can encompass conditions such as muscular dystrophy, tendinitis, and rhabdomyolysis, each affecting muscle function and health in different ways.

Describe the organization, structures I describe the basic functions of the nervous system

The nervous system is organized into central and peripheral components, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and a network of nerves. Its basic functions include processing sensory information, coordinating voluntary and involuntary responses, and maintaining homeostasis.

Describe the parts of a neuron & the function of each part

A neuron consists of the cell body (soma), dendrites, axon, and synaptic terminals. The soma contains the nucleus and maintains cell health, dendrites receive signals from other neurons, the axon transmits impulses away from the cell body, and synaptic terminals release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons.

Explain how signals are transmitted between neurons or between neurons & effectors

Signals are transmitted through chemical neurotransmitters released from synaptic terminals of one neuron, crossing the synaptic gap to bind with receptors on the next neuron or effector cell, initiating a response.

Contrast the functions of neuroglia neurons

Neuroglia support, protect, and maintain homeostasis for neurons, while neurons are responsible for transmitting signals throughout the nervous system, processing information and coordinating responses.

what are the different types of neuroglia

There are several types of neuroglia, including astrocytes (support and nourish neurons), oligodendrocytes (form myelin in the CNS), Schwann cells (form myelin in the PNS), microglia (act as immune cells), and ependymal cells (line the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid).

Distinguish between gray matter & white matter

Gray matter consists of neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers, while white matter is composed of myelinated axons that form the communication pathways within the central nervous system.

Describe how the central nervous system is protected

The central nervous system is protected by the skull and vertebral column, as well as three layers of membranes called meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater). Additionally, cerebrospinal fluid provides cushioning and buoyancy for the brain and spinal cord.

Identify the principal parts of the brain & their main function

The principal parts of the brain include the cerebrum (responsible for higher cognitive functions), cerebellum (regulates motor control and balance), and brainstem (controls basic life functions such as heart rate and breathing).

Describe the locations & functions of the sensory & motor areas of the cerebral cortex

The sensory areas of the cerebral cortex are located in the parietal lobe, processing sensory information from the body, while the motor areas, primarily in the frontal lobe, are responsible for planning and executing voluntary movements.

Describe the external & internal anatomy of the spinal cord

The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure located in the vertebral column, consisting of a central core of gray matter surrounded by white matter. It connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system and is organized into segments that correspond to different parts of the body.

Describe one type of nervous system injury

A traumatic injury to the spinal cord, which can result in loss of sensation and motor function below the injury site, potentially causing paralysis.

Describe the organization of the peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system is organized into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system controls voluntary movements and sensory information, while the autonomic system regulates involuntary bodily functions.

Describe the components, connective tissue coverings of peripheral nerves

Peripheral nerves are composed of bundles of axons, each surrounded by connective tissue layers: the epineurium (outer layer), perineurium (middle layer surrounding fascicles), and endoneurium (inner layer surrounding individual nerve fibers). These coverings protect and support the nerve fibers, facilitating signal transmission.

Dislike the functional components of mono-& poly-synaptic reflexes

Mono-synaptic reflexes involve a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, resulting in a rapid response. In contrast, poly-synaptic reflexes involve one or more interneurons, leading to a more complex and slower response, integrating multiple pathways.

describe the difference Between the sympathetic & parasympathetic NS

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for stressful situations, increasing heart rate and redirecting blood flow to muscles, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes relaxation and conservation of energy, decreasing heart rate and facilitating digestion.

describe the structure of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea

The nasal cavity is the airway behind the nose, lined with mucous membranes and cilia to filter and humidify air. The pharynx is a muscular tube connecting the nasal cavity and larynx, while the larynx contains vocal cords for sound production. The trachea, or windpipe, is a tubular structure that conducts air to the bronchi, supported by C-shaped cartilage rings.

Identify the difference in the structures of the lungs

The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) while the left lung has two lobes (superior and inferior) to accommodate the space taken by the heart. Additionally, the right main bronchus is wider and more vertically oriented than the left.

explain the role of the alveoli in gaseous exchange

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. Their thin walls and vast surface area facilitate efficient gas diffusion, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled.

Outline what happens to the thoracic cavity during inhalation and exhalation

During inhalation, the thoracic cavity expands as the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, creating negative pressure that draws air into the lungs. Conversely, during exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes, the thoracic cavity decreases in volume, and air is expelled from the lungs.

Describe how asthma and emphysema affects the respiratory system

Asthma is a condition where the airways become inflamed and narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing due to increased mucus production and bronchoconstriction. Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveoli, leading to reduced surface area for gas exchange, making it harder for affected individuals to breathe.

Describe the location of the ♡ and identify its borders

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, bordered by the lungs laterally, the diaphragm inferiorly, and the sternum anteriorly.

Describe the structure of the pericardium and the heat wall

The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart, consisting of a fibrous outer layer and a serous inner layer. The heart wall is composed of three layers: the epicardium (outer), myocardium (muscle layer), and endocardium (inner lining).

Discuss the external and internal anatomy of the chambers of the ♡

The heart has four chambers: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. Externally, the chambers are separated by grooves known as sulci, while internally, they are lined with endocardium and contain valves that regulate blood flow.

Describe the flow of blood through the chambers of the ♡

Blood flows into the right atrium from the body via the superior and inferior vena cavae, moves to the right ventricle, then is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs via the pulmonary veins, flows into the left ventricle, and is then pumped out to the body through the aorta.

Describe the phases associated with a cardiac cycle

The cardiac cycle consists of two main phases: diastole, where the heart relaxes and fills with blood, and systole, where the heart contracts and pumps blood out. This cycle is essential for maintaining effective blood circulation throughout the body.

Explain the structural and functional features of the conduction system of the ♡

The conduction system of the heart includes specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses throughout the heart, ensuring coordinated contraction. Key components include the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.

Identify anomalies of the cardiovascular system

Anomalies of the cardiovascular system refer to structural or functional abnormalities in the heart and blood vessels, which can lead to impaired circulation or other health issues. Common anomalies include congenital heart defects, arrhythmias, and vascular malformations.

Identify the bones movements and structures in the upper limbs, shoulder region, pectoral girdle, clavicle, scapula,

humerus, radius, and ulna. These movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction, which allow for a wide range of motion in the upper limbs.

Appendicular and axial skeleton difference

The appendicular skeleton consists of the limb bones and their girdles, facilitating movement, while the axial skeleton comprises the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, providing support and protection for the body's central structure.

Which of the following is an intrinsic muscle of the hand?

1. Deltoid

2. Flexor carpi ulnaris

3. Flexor pollicis brevis

4. Extensor digiti minimi

5. Tibialis anterior

flexor pollicis brevis

Regarding bones of the upper limb, which of the following statements is TRUE?

1. The bones of the pectoral girdle are the humerus and the scapula

2. The bones of the pectoral girdle are the clavicle and the scapula

3. In the anatomical position, the radius is medial to the ulna

4. There is only one radioulnar joint

5. The elbow joint is also called the glenohumeral joint

2.

Which of the following statements about the heart is TRUE?

1. The epicardium lines the chambers of the heart.

2. The myocardium is the muscle layer of the heart wall

2.

Which of the following statements about the heart is TRUE?

1. The right atrium receives oxygenated blood

2. The left ventricle sends blood to the lungs

1.

Which of the following statements about the heart is TRUE?

1. The right atrium receives oxygenated blood

2. The left ventricle sends blood to the lungs

3. The pericardium is the middle layer of the heart wall.

4. The epicardium lines the chambers of the heart.

5. The myocardium is the muscle layer of the heart wall

The myocardium is the muscle layer of the heart wall, responsible for heart contractions.

which of the following types of joints are classified as a cartilaginous

1. suture

2. symphysis

3. gomphoses

4. condyloid

5. ball and socket

2. symphysis

Which of the following muscles acts to both flex and rotate the trunk?

1. Transversus abdominis

2. Rectus abdominis

3. Tensor fasciae latae

4. Latissimus dorsi

5. Internal oblique

internal oblique

In the anatomical position, the fibula is located

1. Superior to the tibia

2. Anterior to the tibia

3. Medial to the tibia

4. Lateral to the tibia

5. Posterior to the tibia

lateral to the tibia

white matter

myelinated axons

gray matter

cell bodies

what are the three protective layers of the brain

(outer) dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater (inner)

parietal lobes

regions of the cerebral cortex located on the top and sides of the brain, involved in processing sensory information and spatial awareness.

temporal lobes

regions of the cerebral cortex located on the sides of the brain, responsible for processing auditory information and memory.

Occipital lobe

vision

frontal lobes

regions of the cerebral cortex located at the front of the brain, involved in reasoning, planning, movement, and problem-solving.

eccentric contraction

a type of muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens while generating force, often occurring during controlled motions like lowering a weight.

concentric contractions

a type of muscle contraction where the muscle shortens while generating force, typically occurring during lifting movements.

isometric contractions

a type of muscle contraction where the muscle generates force without changing length, often used to stabilize a position.

isotonic contractions

a type of muscle contraction that involves both concentric and eccentric actions, allowing movement and the change of muscle length while generating force.