1. Altered functions of Pituitary,

What is the pituitary gland often referred to as?

The master gland.

Where is the pituitary gland located?

At the base of the brain within the sella turcica.

What are the two main parts of the pituitary gland?

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) and Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis).

What hormones are produced by the Anterior Pituitary?

Growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).

What hormones are stored and released by the Posterior Pituitary?

Oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).

What is hypopituitarism?

Insufficient production of one or more hormones by the pituitary gland.

List three causes of hypopituitarism.

Pituitary tumors, head trauma, and radiation therapy.

What are common signs and symptoms of hypopituitarism?

Fatigue, weight loss, sensitivity to cold, low blood pressure.

Name one condition that results from ACTH deficiency due to hypopituitarism.

Adrenal insufficiency.

What treatment is typically used for hormone deficiencies in hypopituitarism?

Hormone replacement therapy.

What does hyperpituitarism mean?

The overproduction of one or more hormones by the pituitary gland.

What is a common cause of hyperpituitarism?

A pituitary adenoma.

What condition results from excess growth hormone (GH) in adults?

Acromegaly.

What are symptoms of acromegaly?

Enlarged hands, feet, facial features, joint pain.

What condition results from excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Cushing's Disease.

List two symptoms of Cushing's Disease.

Weight gain (trunk), thinning skin.

What is prolactinoma?

An overproduction of prolactin due to a pituitary adenoma.

What are common symptoms of prolactinoma in women?

Irregular menstruation and galactorrhea.

What is diabetes insipidus (DI)?

Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive urination.

What are symptoms of SIADH?

Water retention, low sodium levels (hyponatremia), confusion.

What is pituitary apoplexy?

Sudden hemorrhage or infarction in the pituitary gland.

What are symptoms of bitemporal hemianopia?

Loss of peripheral vision in both eyes.

What treatment is typically used for empty sella syndrome?

Management of symptoms, hormone replacement if necessary.

What is panhypopituitarism?

Complete deficiency of all anterior pituitary hormones.

What is the treatment for hypogonadism?

Hormone replacement therapy.

Why is early diagnosis crucial in treating pituitary disorders?

It is critical for effective management and preventing serious consequences.

What is one major complication of untreated hyperpituitarism?

Cardiovascular issues.

What is one of the most common causes of pituitary disorders?

Pituitary adenomas.

What advances have improved outcomes for patients with pituitary disorders?

Advances in diagnostic imaging, hormonal assays, and treatment protocols.

What is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

Regulates functions of other endocrine organs.

What is the prevalence of pituitary adenomas?

Affects approximately 77 to 94 people per 100,000 individuals.