Chapter 2 - Transplantations and Borderlands

Agricultural Technological Exchange

European colonists took the agricultural goods and practices of the Native Americans that were far better adapted to the soil and climate of America such as corn, tobacco, and planting legumes to revitalize the soil. The natives took from the Europeans their advanced technology and in rare cases the means for producing such technology such as metal tools and firearms.

Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)

A Puritan woman who was well learned and disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony (1637), and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority and defied what was expected of a Puritan woman. Her teachings were called Antinomianism.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Rebellion of discontent former landless servants led by Nathaniel Bacon.

Historical Significance:

Led to a move from indentured servants to African slaves for labor purposes.

Barbados Slave Trade

Due to the introduction of sugar from Barbados, English Planters started using Africans as slaves for the sugarcane on Barbados and Colonial America leading to there being four times as many African slaves as there white settlers by the 17th century and also shifting the focus of English immigrants to the colonies.

California

"Alta California" was occupied by diverse groups of native people who had inhabited the land for thousands of years. Spanish colonization of "Alta California" began when the Presidio at San Diego, the first permanent European settlement on the Pacific Coast, was established in 1769. With the expedition was Father Junipero Serra, a Franciscan Father who would have a tremendous influence in the colonization of California through the establishment of missions.

Chesapeake Region

The Chesapeake Colonies were the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, later the Commonwealth of Virginia, and Province of Maryland, later Maryland, both colonies located in British America and centered on the Chesapeake Bay. Settlements of the Chesapeake region grew slowly due to diseases such as malaria. Most of these settlers were male immigrants from England who died soon after their arrival. Due to the majority of men, eligible women did not remain single for long. The native-born population eventually became immune to the Chesapeake diseases and these colonies were able to continue through all the hardships.

Congregational Church

Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church.

Dominion of New England

1686-1689

*An administrative body created by King James II that oversaw British colonies in the New England region

*Put in place to implement the Navigation Acts and to assist the colonies in defending themselves against hostile French and Native American forces

*The Dominion Governor-in-Chief, Edmund Andros, outlawed town meetings, disputed titles to certain colonial lands, and proselytized on behalf of the Church of England

*New England colonists had originally been in favor of some sort of voluntary association, but the Dominion was very unpopular because of these types of impositions

English Caribbean

This area was a popular destination for English immigrants, especially in the early seventeenth century. It included the Caribbean Islands and the northern area of Bermuda. Theses islands influenced colonies on the mainland in many ways. They traded with theses colonies, as well as supplied slaves and offered a model for the plantation system. The island's Native population was almost nonexistent, though there was danger from the Spanish, who also claimed the area. The economy of the islands was based on the sugarcane crop, which was mainly farmed by African slaves.

Fundamental Constitution for Carolina

The constitutional government document written for the Province of Carolina, a large swath of land in the new American colonies occupying an area roughly between what are now the states of Virginia and Florida. Adopted in March 1669 and penned by the British philosopher John Locke and Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina formed the basis for Carolina's colonial government in the 17th century.

It divided the colony into counties and parcels and created a rigidly hierarchical social order. It introduced limited government and the idea of a social contract. It is the most important of any of the early constitutions.

George and Cecilius Calvert

1st lord Baltimore, founder of Maryland Colony for retreat for English Catholics and for Real Estate ; 2nd lord Baltimore, received charter on fathers death including parts of Pennsylvania., Delaware., Virginia, Maryland, but were to hold as "absolute lords and proprietaries"

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Headright System

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

Jacob Leisler

German immigrant, merchant, leader of New York dissidents, his militia captured the fort and he became the new head of the government in New York, William and Mary appointed a new governor and forced him out, later hanged for treason

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. Spread the teaching of predestination.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Native Americans. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Native American lands for expansion.

Massachusetts Bay Company

A group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Mercantilism

Am economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Metacomet

1639-1676 Wamponoag sachem known to the English as King Philip. He led one of the last Native Americans battles against the colonist in New England in 1676.

Middle Ground

The "middle ground" describes the geographic location from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi upper basin. It also indicates that it was socially in between cultures, people, and empires. It was an evolving time between nations. Native Americans were in control. There were Iroquois-English councils which included cultural compromise. This term is important to U.S. History because it shows that Europeans were not always in charge, and they can compromise.

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

Founding of Pennsylvania

The Province of Pennsylvania, also known as the Pennsylvania Colony, was founded in English North America by William Penn on March 4, 1681 as dictated in a royal charter granted by King Charles II. As a haven for Quakers.

Pequot War

The Pequot War was an armed conflict that took place between 1636 and 1638 in New England between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. The war concluded with the decisive defeat of the Pequots. At the end, about 700 Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity.[1] Hundreds of prisoners were sold into slavery to the West Indies;[2] other survivors were dispersed as captives to the victorious tribes.

Plymouth Plantation

Plymouth Colony was founded by a group of Puritan Separatists known as Pilgrims.It was the second successful colony to be founded by the English in America after Jamestown in Virginia, and it was the first permanent English settlement in the New England region. The colony established a treaty with Wampanoag Chief Massasoit which helped to ensure its success; in this, they were aided by Squanto, a member of the Patuxet tribe. Plymouth played a central role in King Philip's War (1675-78), one of several Indian Wars, but the colony was ultimately merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other territories in 1691 to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

Powhatan

Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death.

Praying Indians

Native Americans who converted to Christianity and joined Puritan communities

Quakers (Society of Friends)

Religious group in England and America--settling mainly in Pennsylvania--whose members believed all persons possessed the "inner light," or the spirit of God; they were early proponents of the abolition of slavery and equal rights for women.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Sir William Berkeley

Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676.

Sugarcane

Sugarcane was of the primary crops of the Americas (especially the Caribbean), which required a tremendous amount of labor to cultivate

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders (Massachusetts Bay Colony)

Tobacco

The cultivation of tobacco in America led to many changes. During the 1700s tobacco was a very lucrative crop due to its high demand in Europe. The climate of the Chesapeake area in America lent itself very nicely to the cultivation of tobacco. The cultivation of tobacco as a cash crop in America marks the shift from a subsistence economy to an agrarian economy.

Toleration Act of 1649

A Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; the first law guaranteeing religious freedom to be passed in America. Implemented by Catholics to protect themselves from the Protestant Majority.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in the new world. Created due to distance between Great Britain and the colonies.

Wampanoags

The tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.