MCB Unit 10 Immunology: Adaptive & Specific

Natural Active Immunity

microbial infection produce antibodies

T Cells

BONE MARROW: Orgin

THYMUS: Maturation

MO-YRS: Life

MOBILE lymphatic tiss & low level circ

APC activation (except w/superantigen)

Proliferates antigen stimulation

Memory cells after activation

CYTOKINES: Product

Natural Passive Immunity

transfer antibodies mother-fetus

B Cells

BONE MARROW: Origin

BONE MARROW: Maturation

YRS(memory), DAYS(plasma): Life

STATIONARY lymph nodes

NO APC, can act as APC for other immune cells

IMMUNOGLOBULIN, MHC1 & MHC11: Primary surface antigen

Proliferates antigen stimulation-memory & plasma cells

Memory cells after activation

ANTIBODIES: Secreted

Artificial Active Immunity

vaccination

B Cell Recpetors: IMMUNOGLOBULINS (Igs)

surface protein bind w/epitopes

secrete antibodies= serum ANTISERUM

5 class based off phys chem, immunological: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

Artificial Passive Immunity

administration of antibodies

B Cell Receptor: MONOMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN

symmetric 4 polypep chains <[ 2 short light & 2 heavy long] lin w/interchain disulfide (S-S)= Y shape

ligh & heavy chain CONSTANT REGION-specific subtype VARIABLE REGION changed by antigenic determinants

FRAGEMTN CRYSTALLIZABLE-C term (Fc) & FRAGMENT ANTIGEN BINDING-N term (Fab)

antigen in terminus of heavy & light

carbohydrates no in bidning

Dimeric (IgA), Pentameric (IgM) has polypep J chain= hold monomer

Immunocompetence

normal immune response to foreign molecules

T Lymphocyte Receptors: TCR

antigens recognized by TCR

speceficity

integreted T cell memb, NO secretion

2 disulfide pep <[ alpha (a) & beta (b)

constant & variable region

binds only if present on surface direct self protein

Specific Immunity

caused by variety foreign molecules (Immunogens:macromolecular component surface protein)

Osteomyelitis

inflammation or swelling in bone (marrow)

Antigens

immunogens recognized by host immune system

Antibody Monomer IgG

1st ABUNDANT 85%

21 DAYS

placenta mom-fetus

made in infection sequence

binds solube antigens, exotoxin & virus active

Specificity

interaction antigen-antibody or antigen T cells

ONLY SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS AGENT

Antibody Dimer w/J Chain IgA

2nd ABUNDANT ~13%

6 DAYS

secretion mil, mucous, tears, saliva, sweat, boogies

resist acid inactivation

defense in intestinal & respiratory infections

Memory

interaction antigen-cells & antibodies

DESTORY INVADER & REMEMEBER (Immunological memory)>NO LAG>RESPOND

Antibody Penatmer w/J Chain IgM

3rd ABUNDANT ~6%

10 DAYS

react early infection

structure hard for mobility & migration

fatal on gram (-) bact in blood circ

activate phagocytosis

Tolerance

host cell macromolecules recognized

NO DAMAGE

Antibody Monomer IgE

RARE ~0.002&

2 Days

against parasitic infection

allergic response

hypersensitivity

Cell Mediated

antigen presentation passed T-lymphcoytes or T cells

Antibody Monomer IgD

RARE ~1%

2 DAYS

bound B cells

function unknown

increase in osteomyelitis & skin disease

Humoral Immunity or Antigen Mediated Immunity

antigen passed-B lymphocytes (produces soluble IMMUNOGLOBULINS=secreted ANTIBODIES) or B cells

Adaptive Immune System

Cellular response (Cell mediated Immunity) & Humoral response (B cell or antibody mediated immunity)

eliminate identified antigen & remember= faster response

Step 1. Antigen presentation

Step 2. Lymphocyte activation

Step 3. Proliferation & Differentation

Step 4. Antigen elimination & memory

Immunogens

substance stimulate immune response & react with antibodies

Step 1. Antigen Presentation

1. APCs (dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymph) take up anitgen by phagocytosis, process & present-T cell w/MHC II

2.Body cell MHC I process antigen & present-T cell w/MHC I

3. Superanitgen bind-TCR on T CELL surface

B cells DO NOT need APCs

Antigens

substance react w/homologous antibodies or lymphocytes w/homologous recpetors

visible reaction

Step 2. Lymphocyte Activation

1.lymphocytes activated by release signal cytokines (IL1 & IL2)

2.IL1 & IL2 released by APC by TCR-antigen-MHC II bind-T cells

3.TH cells release cytokine= TC activate-cell Mediated adaptive response

TH active (T cell dependent) B cell by IL2, can activate self bind to immunoglobulin= proliferant undergo clonal diferentiate

Haptens (Partial Antigen)

substance CANNOT stimulate immune response

reacts w/ homologous antibodies

NO visible reaction

conjugated large mole carrier= response

Step 3. Proliferation & Differentation

1. B & T cells divide (clonal expansion/selection)= Proliferation

2. Differentation

Factors Affect Antigen Immunogenicity: FORIEGNNES

host MUST recognize immunogen as non-self for response

foreign part molecule unfamiliar configuration

Step 4. Antigen Elimination & Memory

Cell Mediated & Humoral immunity work rid antigen= effector cell die & memory in 2nd lymph tiss

Factors Affect Antigen Immunogenicity: DETERMINANTS OR EPITOPES

large organic molec 3D

specific regions interact w/antibodies

Step 4. Antigen Elimination & Memory: T CELLS

Cytotoxic T cells (TC) kill infected release PEFORIN (holes in member) & GRANZYME (enter cell= apoptosis)

Effector t cells release cytokines= apoptosis

dead cleared by macrophages & NK

Factors Affect Antigen Immunogenicity: DETERMINANTS

accessible to lymphocyte recpetor

denatur= exposed epitotpes= more immunogenicity

Step 4. Antigen Elimination & Memory: B CELLS

activated by T cells

Plasma= antiboddies neutralize pathogen & destruction

memory cell T & B= fast strong response

Factors Affect Antigen Immunogenicity: POSITION & # DETERMINANTS

highly specific small change= change immune response

increase EPITOPES= increase immunogenicity

Antibodies In Humoral Response: OSPONIZATION

coat phagocytosis by leukocytes

Factors Affect Antigen Immunogenicity: MOLECULAR SIZE, SHAPE, CHARGE, DEGRADABILITY

linear noncomplex= nonimmunogenic

complex +epitopes branched= +immunogenic

+10,000 Dalton weight= immunogenic

Shape/Charge (polystyrene & gelatin)= nonimmunogenic PHAGOCYTIC NO EAT

Antibodies In Humoral Response NEUTRALIZATION

blocks viral attachment-host cell

Chemcial Categories Antigen: PROTEINS

highly immunogenic

Antibodies In Humoral Response: AGGULATION

2 bind sites cross-link pathogens= clump= easy phagocytosis

Chemicial Categories Antigen: CARBOHYDRATES

non or weak immunogenic

COMPLIMENT ACTIVATION

activation + compliment= cell lysis

Chemicial Categories Antigen: LIPIDS

non or weak immunogenic

Antibodies In Humoral Response: ANTITOXIN

binds & inactivates bacterial toxins

Chemicial Categories Antigen: NUCLEIC ACIDS

weak immunogenic

Apoptosis

process program cell death

Chemicial Categories Antigen: LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES (LIPID+PROTEINS)

highly immunogenic

Anamnestic Response

2nd by memory cells

IgM followed by IgG

quick & robust

Chemicial Categories Antigen: GLYCOPROTEINS (CARBOHYDRATES+PROTEINS)

highly immunogenic

Live Attenuated Vaccine

live cells or viruses

more effective than dead or inactive

isolate mutant strain that lost virulence

{EX. chickenpox, rubella german, measeals, mumps, tb, typhoid & yellow fever

Chemicial Categories Antigen: GLYCOLIPIDS (CARBOHYDRATES+LIPIDS)

highly immunogenic

Inactivated Vaccines

immunity against whole microorganism

dead cells killed by formaldehyde, phenol or heat

{EX. whooping cough & Typhoid}

Chemical inactivation formaldehyde to polio

Examples Of Organelles As Antigens

capsule K

cell wall O

falgella H

fimbriae

microcapsule Vi

intracellular anitgens

Toxoid

toxin disease

NOT injected

exotoxin modified antigenicity NOT toxic

{EX. botulism, diptheria, pertussis, tetanus}

Antigen Categories: HOMOLOGOUS

induce antibody

Subunit Vaccines

ONLY essential antigen exposure

chemicaly degrade pathogen or genetic engineered antibody

risk low

{EX. anthrax, hepa B, influenza, meningitis, papillomavirus, pneumococcal pneumonia}

Antigen Categories: HETEROLOGOUS

reacts w/antibody produced by other Antigen (cross reaction)

Conjugate Vaccine

subunit w/protein-capsule polysaccharide

result enchanced

stimulates antibodies against protein-capsule poly

{EX. meningitis vaccine against haem influenzae, streptococcus pneumonia, neisseria meningitidis}

Antigen Categories: HETEROPHILE

shared between unrelated species {EX. rickettsial fever & proteus strains}

Antigen Categories: ISOPHILE (ALLOANTIGENS)

individual species trigger response memeber same group {EX. blood group}

Antigen Categories: SEQUESTERED

self isolated from developing immune system

if recognized= nonself

{EX. sperm & lens of eye}

Antigen Categories: SUPERANTIGENS

present pathogenic viruses, mycoplasma, bacteria bind-MHC molec

NO antigen process

T cells no immune reaction= secretion +cyotkines

risk: nausea, vomit, hypotension, death

{EX. (TSST-1), (SPE), (SE), (ETEC)}

Self/Nonself Recognition Markers: MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY (MCH)

self proteins on host cells endocded

Self/Nonself Recognition Markers: MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY (MCH) I

proteins on surface all nucleated cells

comp: alpha (a) chain + B2 microglobulin + carbohy

ONLY (a) chain interacts w/antigen

antigen bound interact w/cytotoxic Tc cells

Self/Nonself Recognition Markers: MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY (MCH) II

proteins surface B lymphocytes, macrophages, APCs

comp: alpha (a) chain + beta (B) chain + carbohy

antigen bound interact T helper cells (TH cells)

Process Scheme: MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY (MCH) I

antigen from host degradation bound-MCH 1 in endo retic= expressed on cell surface

{EX. viral proteins & virus infected cells

Process Scheme: MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY (MCH) II

antigens digested by proteolytic enzy inside phagolysosomes bound-MCH II protein cell surface

{EX. B cell express digested bacterial cell}

Polyorphism

subtle diff protein sorder MCH molec

Cluster Differentiation Markers (CD) & #

CD4 & CD8 surface proteins on T cells identify cell type

CD4 T helper (TH)/ CD8 cytotoxic T cells (TC)

stonger bind/interaction

The Cells Of Specific Immunity: LYMPHOCYTES

~10^12 per human

B & T cells in secondary lymphoid tissue

lymph nodes, speleen, MALT

B Lymphocytes

B for bone marrow {EX. B in Bursa of Fabricus in birds}

antigen interact

antibody production

immune memory

Distinguish B Lymphocytes

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: surface markers

ANTIBODIES: ^ released in blood plasma

Process B Lymphocytes

LYMPHOID TISS <[ B cells interact w/T independent antigen &or TH cell w/T dependent antigen]> PROLIFERATION

CIRC & SEC LYMPHOID TISS <[ 1. Memory cell or 2. Plasma cell]> DIFFERNTIATION

CIRC & SEC LYMPHOID TISS <[ 1. Memory cell lives long in SEC LYMPH organs= quick response]

CIRC & SEC LYMPHOID TISS <[ 2. Plasma cell leaves few days IMMUNOGLOBULINS secrete CIRC antibodies]

T Lymphocytes

mature in thymus

Distinguish T Lymphocytes

T CELL RECEPTORS (TCR): surface

antigen presented in APC

Distinguish T Lymphocytes: CD4

1. T Helper (TH) & 2. T Delayed type hypersensitivity (TD)

1a. TH1 stimulate cytotoxic T cells

1b. TH2 stimulate B cells= production antibodies

2. TD Mediated reactions, NO INTERACT B cells

Distinguish T Lymphocytes: CD8

1. T Cytotoxic (TC) & @. T Suppressor (TS)

1. TC direct kill cells w/antigens on surface

2. TS suppress action immune cells= regulate

Process T Lymphocytes

THYMUS <[ CD4 & CD8 in one cell split off into JUST CD4 & CD8]

CD4 <[ TD][ TH split into TH1 & TH2]> CIRC & SEC LYMPHOID TISS

CD8 <[ TS][ TC]