protestant reformation L. 1 and L. 2

Christian humanism

the movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance that combined classical learning and individualism with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church 

salvation

the condition in which one achieves the goal of getting to heaven either through faith or through faith and works

indulgence

 a signed document given by the Pope or church officials that released a person from all or part of the punishment for sin - it reduced the time spent in purgatory after death

Lutheranism

religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed - differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation which Luther believed was achieved by faith alone, not by good works - became the first Protestant faith

Martin Luther

German monk of the Catholic Church and professor at the University of Wittenberg who developed alternative ideas to how the Catholic Church should function - he sought to reform some of the doctrine of the Catholic Church, especially as it pertained to salvation - credited with beginning the Protestant Reformation as a result of writing his 95 theses 

Desiderius Erasmus

best-known Christian Humanist who believed that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not just provide a method for salvation

Frederick III

Frederick the Wise, the prince of Saxony, where Luther was from, who gathered relics to use for indulgences but who also protected Luther from the Holy Roman emperor

Johann Tetzel

 monk of the Catholic Church who was authorized to sell indulgences to raise funds for the building of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

Charles V

 young emperor of the Roman Empire who summoned Luther to the Diet of Worms in an attempt to get Luther to refrain from his protests.  Ultimately, Luther was excommunicated from the Church and became an outlaw in the Roman Empire

Katharina von Boren

 former nun who became the wife of Martin Luther

Francis I

king of france who was a chief political rival of Charles V who fought over disputed territories

Modern Devotion

movement in which people sought salvation and were taught that the only way to do this was to follow the teachings of Jesus - this teaching happened within the Catholic Church 

St. Peter’s Basilica

main basilica in Rome to honor the apostle Peter

Ninety-five Theses

written work by Martin Luther that revealed his concerns with the abuses of the Roman Catholic Church

Luther’s changes in the Church

He called for the practice of two sacraments - baptism and the Eucharist ;  He called for clergy to be allowed to marry ;  He stated that faith earned a person salvation, not works.   

imperial diet

 legislative assembly

Diet of Worms

meeting in Worms in which Martin Luther was requested to cease his protest and reform efforts;  of course, he refused

Wittenberg

 German city where Luther worked as a professor and proclaimed his 95 Theses

Peasants’ War

 a revolt by German peasants who looked to Luther for leadership as they sought change within their communities;  Luther supported the lords that the peasants were revolting against because he believed that scripture called for them to stop all revolts.

The Holy Roman Empire

the land and territory under control of the Roman Catholic Church - included most of Western Europe 1600.

Peace of Augsburg

formal agreement in Germany that officially ended the violence among German states and divided Christianity in Germany

justification

process of being deemed worthy of salvation by God

predestination

the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)

annul

declares invalid

ghettos

districts in cities where jews were required to live

Ulrich Zwingli

priest from Zurich, Switzerland who influenced the city council to introduce reforms - sought to align with Martin Luther - was killed when war broke out in Switzerland between Catholics and Protestant states

John Calvin

took over the leadership of the reform efforts in Switzerland after Zwingli was killed - wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion - his thoughts of what Protestantism was about - his ideas spread - called calvinism 

King Henry VIII

king of England who sought to separate from the Roman Catholic Church - sought for the right to annul his marriage - was granted the position of supreme head on earth of the Church of England 

Catherine of Aragon

wife of whom King Henry VIII requested an annulment of marriage from, -  mother of a daughter named Mary(eventually known as bloody marry when she ruled)

Anne Boleyn

 woman who was made Queen of England when Henry VIII’s marriage was annulled

Thomas Cranmer

archbishop of canterbury who annulled King Henry VIII’s marriage in May 1533

Thomas More

a Christian humanist and devout catholic who disagreed with the role King Henry VIII had taken as leader of the Church of England - King Henry VIII had him beheaded

Edward VI

son of King Henry VIII who became ruler of england at age 9 - during his reign of 6 years, the church officials moved the Church of England (anglican church) in a Protestant direction; clergy were given the right to marry; Protestant services were created

Mary I

daughter of Henry VIII who came to power after Edward VI’s death - “bloody mary” - known for having 300 protestants burned as she tried to restore Roman Catholicism to England - created even more protests as a result of her actions

Anabaptists

group of Protestants who opposed Luther’s views of allowing state leaders to be in charge of church affairs - proposed the complete separation of church and state - refused to hold political office or bear arms

John of Leiden

 leader of the city of munster who harbored anabaptist - city was sacked by an army of Catholics and its leaders were killed

Jews

people who followed Judaism and were often subjects of anit-semitism in Europe - Luther felt they should convert to Lutheranism.  They resisted, and Luther suggested their houses of worship and homes be destroyed.  In Italy, the Catholics forced non-converters to live in ghettos

Jesuits

society of jesus - new religious order who took a vow of absolute obedience to the pope - used education to spread their message and establish schools - restored Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Europe

Ignatius of Loyola

spanish nobleman who founded the Society of Jesus (jesuits)

Pope Paul III

sought to reform the Catholic Church - named a reform commision in 1535 and established the council of trent - worked to establish a clear doctrine

Teresa of Avila

sought to reform the Convent of Avila - opened the first covent of the carmelite in 1562 - sought to regain a more strict lifestyle

Carmelites

one of the four major religious orders founded in the Middle Ages who took a vow of complete poverty

war in Switzerland

war fought in Switzerland between catholics and protestants led by Ulrich Zwingli

Calvinism

 activist (protestant) faith developed by John Calvin in Switzerland   

John Knox

Calvinist reformer of scotland

Geneva

refers to Geneva, Switzerland and viewed by John Knox as “the most perfect school of Christ on earth. . .”

The Act of Supremacy of 1534

 official declaration by parliament stating that the king was “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England.”  This act made the king of England the leader of the Church.

Anglican Church

the Church of England

Munster

a city in Germany where Anabaptists settled to escape persecution

Protestant Reformation impact on society - 

- new Protestant secondary schools and universities were established - education for more than the elite - Greek and Latin as well as religion was taught

- modified the traditional view of marriage - priests could marry

Catholic Reformation

also called the counter-reformation- a new religious order was established - the Jesuits;  the papacy was reformed; the Council of Trent was established to reform/rethink the teachings of the Catholic Church

Council of Trent

-meeting of Catholic Church leaders that sought to reform the teachings and practices of the Church - meetings took 18 yrs . - Catholic Church doctrine was clearly defined