PBSI 330 Exam 3

Operant Conditioning

Behavior influenced by consequences.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something pleasant to increase a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior.

Positive Punishment

Adding something unpleasant to decrease a behavior.

Negative Punishment

Removing something pleasant to decrease a behavior.

Impact on Personality

Reinforcement and punishment patterns shape habits and traits over time.

Behavior Modification

Changing behavior through operant conditioning techniques.

Classical Conditioning

Learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that naturally causes a response.

Neutral/Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Originally neutral, becomes associated with UCS.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Natural reaction to unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned reaction to conditioned stimulus.

Locus of Control

Belief about whether outcomes are controlled by one's actions or external factors.

Internal Locus of Control

Belief that outcomes are controlled by one's actions.

External Locus of Control

Belief that outcomes are due to luck or fate.

Socialization

Lifelong process of learning norms, values, and behaviors appropriate to society.

Reciprocal Determinism

Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence each other.

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Behaviorism

Focus on observable behavior not internal thoughts or feelings.

Reinforcement Schedules

Patterns defining how often a behavior is rewarded.

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Reward after a set number of behaviors.

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Reward after an unpredictable number of behaviors.

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Reward after a set time.

Variable-Interval Schedule

Reward after varying times.

Token Economy

Behavioral system using tokens as reinforcement.

Behavioral Activation

Increasing positive reinforcement by scheduling enjoyable activities.

Social Learning Theories

Learning through observation and modeling.

Observational Learning

Learning by watching others.

Expectancies

Beliefs about the likelihood that a behavior will lead to an outcome.

Generalized Expectancies

Overall beliefs about control.

Approach Motivation

Moving toward positive outcomes.

Avoidance Motivation

Avoiding negative outcomes.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Five levels of human needs ranging from physiological to self-actualization.

Achievement Motive

Desire to excel.

Affiliation Motive

Desire for relationships.

Power Motive

Desire to impact others.

Self-Determination Theory

Focuses on intrinsic motivation and basic psychological needs.

Intrinsic Goals

Personal growth and meaningful relationships.

Extrinsic Goals

External rewards such as money and fame.

Overjustification Effect

External rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation.

Self-Concept

All beliefs about oneself.

The 'I' Self

The observer or knower.

The 'Me' Self

The subject or self-concept.

Modern View of the Self

A knowledge structure influencing self-information processing.

Self-Esteem

Overall sense of self-worth.

Implicit Self-Esteem

Unconscious self-evaluation.

Explicit Self-Esteem

Conscious self-evaluation.

Self-Esteem Regulation

Maintaining self-worth through strategies.

Sociometer Theory

Self-esteem reflects perceived social acceptance.

Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) Model

Protecting self-esteem by distancing from outperformers.

Self-Compassion

Being kind to oneself in failure.

Possible Selves

Future-oriented versions of the self.

Ought Self

Who you think you should be.

Ideal Self

Who you want to be.

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Emotional discomfort from mismatches between selves.

Self-Schema

Mental framework about oneself.

Material Self

Possessions and body.

Social Self

Roles and relationships.

Emotional Self

Related to values, morals, and inner self.

True Self

Authenticity—being true to oneself.

Imposter Phenomenon

Feeling like a fraud despite success.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in ability to succeed.

Self-Regulation

Controlling behavior to achieve goals.

Self-Monitoring

Adapting to social cues.

Self-Control

Delaying gratification for long-term goals.