Mineralogy Ch 1-2 for Midterm

Used condensed review sheet

How do Mineralogists define a mineral?

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid crystalline structure, with a definite chemical composition

How are minerals classified:

by main anion or anionic group

anionic groups

sulfates, oxides, silicates, carbonates

what is a fixed composition?

crystal structure allows only ions that fit charge and crystal lattice(size); little variation by solid solution

Are all rocks minerals?

No. some are aggregates; coal is organic material, obsidian lacks crystalline structure

define mineral species

single defined mineral with specific chemical composition: calcite, quartz

define mineral group

related species with similar compositions; feldspar group

what is 40 in ⁴⁰₂₀Ca?

mass: Protons + neutrons

what is 20 in ⁴⁰₂₀Ca?

atomic #: only protons

How do isotopes differ?

the number of neutrons change

What do rows represent for elections?

electron shells

What do columns represent for electrons?

valence electrons

ionic bond

electron transfer; NaCl

covalent bond

electron share; SiO₂

metallic bond

electron sea; Cu, Au

Van der Waals bond

weak attraction

hydro bond

weak dipole attraction; water, micas

Physical characteristics of ionic

brittle, high melting point; halite

Physical characteristics of covalent

hard, strong; diamond

Physical characteristics of metallic

malleable, conductive; gold

Physical characteristics of van der waals

soft, flaky; graphite

Mineral example of ionic

halite

Mineral example of covalent

diamond

Mineral example of metallic

gold

Mineral example of van der waals

graphite

Mineral example of hydrogen bond

micas