nurse test (1st page)

types of lipids

triglycerides

phospholipids

steroids

low density lipoprotein

contain the most cholesterol

very low-density lipoproteins

contain triglycerides

high-density lipoprotein

contains the most protein. also transports cholesterol

causes of dyslipidemia

hereditary

acquired

function of triglycerides

used for energy.

composition of triglycerides

glycerol and other fatty acids

most (90%) lipids in our bodies are

triglycerides

two parts of fatty acids

good (unsaturated) or bad (saturated)

function of phospholipids

used to build cell membranes

example of phospholipids

lecithin

function of steroids

used to build cell membranes but are also used to make vitamin D, bile acids, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

what is the best known steroidal lipid

cholesterol

dyslipidemia

individual has either an excess or deficiency of one or more lipoproteins

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors have what drug ending

-statins

common side effects of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

GI upset, arthralgia

serious adverse events of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

rhabdomyolysis, myositis, elevated liver enzymes, teratogenicity

what were the first drugs available for dyslipidemia and considered the safest

bile acid sequestrants

function of bile acid sequestrants

bind to bile acids increasing excretion of cholesterol through the bowel; have minimal systemic effects

drugs in the bile acid sequestrants class

cholestyramine

common side effects of bile acid sequestrants

GI constipation and N&V

serious adverse events of bile acid sequestrants

GI obstruction and vitamin deficiencies

fibric acid drugs function

work by activating an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides (lipoprotein lipase)

drugs in the fabric acid class

fenofibrate, fenofibric acid, gemfibrozil

common side effects of fibric acid drugs

myalgia, flu-like symptoms, N&V, increased liver enzymes and creatines

serious adverse events of fibric acid drugs

rhabdomyolysis, gall bladder disease, pancreatitis

function of ezetimibe

works as a cholesterol absorption inhibitor

common side effects of ezetimibe

arthralgia, fatigue, diarrhea, increased liver enzymes

serious adverse events of ezetimibe

rhabdomyolysis

function of niacin

vitamin B3 works by decreasing levels of VLDL

common side effects of niacin

flushing, itching, HA, N&V, diarrhea

serious adverse events of niacin

cardiac dysrhythmias

omega 3 acid ethyl esters function

these acids are found in fish oils and are very useful in lowering triglycerides

common side effects of omega 3 acid ethyl esters

Gi-fishy taste, burping, indigestion

serious adverse events of omega 3 acid ethyl esters

hypersensitivity

drugs used for familial hyperlipidemia

alirocumab, evolocumab, icosapent, lomitapide, mipomersen

medications for dyslipidemia

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins)

Bile Acid Sequestrants

Fibric Acid Drugs

Ezetimibe

Niacin

Omega-3-Acid ethyl esters

Familial Hyperlipidemia

other name for omega-3acid ethyl esters

lovaza

Diuretic Medications

osmotic diuretics

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

loop diuretics

thiazide diuretics

potassium-sparing diuretics

osmotic diuretics function

work at the proximal convoluted tubule, pulling water into the nephron at the expense of electrolytes

osmotic diuretic drugs

mannitol and glycerin

osmotic diuretic side effects

acute hypovolemia, convulsions

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors function

also work at the PCT to inhibit reabsorption of bicarbonate

carbonic anyhydrase inhibitor drugs

acetazolamide

side effects of carbonic anyhydrase inhibitors

acidosis, hypokalemia, significant blood dyscrasia, dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, GI upset, fatigue

carbonic anyhydrase inhibitors serious adverse events

significant blood dyscrasia

osmotic diuretics serious adverse events

convulsions

loop diuretics

work at the ascending nephron loop (Loop of Henle) and block the reabsorption of NaCl and water and increase excretion of potassium

loop diuretic drugs

furosemide

side effects of loop diuretics

orthostatic hypotension, dehydration, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, ototoxicity

thiazide diuretics

work at the proximal distal convoluted tubule blocking NaCl and water and increasing excretion of potassium

thiazide diuretic drugs

hydrochlorothiazide

side effect of thiazide diuretics

hyperglycemia, allergic reactions, hypercalcemia, orthostatic hypotension, dehydration, hypokalemia, GI upset

thiazide diuretics serious adverse events

hyperglycemia, allergic reactions

potassium-sparing diuretics

work at the distal DCT blocking sodium reabsorption but does not increase excretion of potassium

potassium-sparing diuretic drugs

spironolactone

eplerenone

side effects of potassium-sparing diuretics

hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, GI upset, dehydration

furosemide serious adverse events

ototoxicity (hearing)

spironolactone serious adverse events

hyperkalemia, gynecomastia

which of the following drugs is most likely nephrotoxic

ibuprofen

normal pH range

7.35 - 7.45

important nursing function regarding fluid balance

measure I/O (intake and output of fluids)

three types of fluid replacement

isotonic

hypotonic

hypertonic

should I/O be equal or unequal

equal; we get thirsty when our output exceeds our input

normal saline

.9% NaCl ISOTONIC. closely resembles the body’s on extracellular fluid; used to replace depleted fluid and promote urine output.

normal serum sodium

135-145

normal serum potassium

3.5 - 5.0

calcium

hypo/hypercalcemia

sodium

hypo/hypernatremia

potassium

hypo/hyperkalemia

colloidal solutions

are used to expand plasma volume in critically ill patents with severe burns, shock related to hemorrhage or surgery.

acidosis

pH below 7.35

alkalosis

pH above 7.45

acidosis and alkalosis occur due to

respiratory or metabolic causes

acidosis results in

life threatening CNS depression

Alkalosis results in

life threatening cardiac arrhythmia and CNS depression

class of drugs for hypertension

Diuretics (ACEI & ARBs)

Calcium Channel Blockers

Adrenergic Antagonist

DIrect Vasodilators

diuretics

drugs affect the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) can also be combined with hydrochlorothiazide for a better effect

diuretic used with ARBs or ACEI to treat hypertension

hydrochlorothiazide

ACE Inhibitor drugs

lisinopril - “prils”

what drugs are the “-sartans”

ARBs

what drugs cannot be used during pregnancy

ACE inhibitors & ARBs

what drugs are the “-pines”, diltiazem, cardizem

calcium channel blockers

adrenergic antagonist

beta blockers

alpha blockers

alpha2-adrenergic antagonist

alpha1-and beta antagonist

beta-adrenergic antagonist

beta blockers

what drugs end with “olols” (propranolol, atenolol, metaporolol, nebivolol)

beta - adrenergic antagonists

alpha1-adrenergic antagonists

alpha blockers

what drugs end with “-zosins” (doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin)

alpha1-adrenergic antagonist

what drugs are centrally acting and include clonidine and methyldopa

alpha2-adrenergic antagonists

what drugs include carvedilol and labetalol

alpha 1 and beta antagonist

direct vasodilator drugs

hydralazine & minoxidil

direct vasodilator common side effects

orthostatic hypotension, fluid retention, palpitation

serious adverse events of direct vasodilators

severe hypotension, heart attack, dysrhymias, shock (lupus like reaction)

alpha blocker drugs

alpha 1 and alpha 2 blockers

alpha 1 blockers common side effects

orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, fatigue

alpha 1 blockers serious adverse events

first-dose phenomena, tachycardia, dyspnea

alpha 2 blockers common side effects

peripheral edema, sedation, depression, HA

alpha 2 blockers serious adverse events

liver toxicity, bone marrow depression

original use for calcium channel blockers

angina and dysrhythmias

common side effects of calcium channel blockers

flushing, HA, dizziness, peripheral edema, constipation, fatigue, sexual dysfunction