Describe the egg of Dicrocoelium dentriticum
Small (38-45 um)
oval, asymmetrical
2 shells, operculum
embryonated with miracidium inside
dark brown colour
Cysticercus fasciolaris is larvocyst of
Taenia taeniformis
We diagnose protostrongylus rufescens larvae according to their tail end which is
Sharp, straight
Phase of parthenogony in development of F. hepatica
Inside IH miracidium develops into a sporocyst then redia then cercaria
Oesophagostomum dentatum form and release eggs
Medium sized
Oval, symmetrical
2 shells
Unembryonated, 8-32 blastomeres
Light grey
Methods used for intravital diagnosis of pig lung worm
Faecal flotation with breza solution
M: 50-63 μm, oval, THICK 3 shells, garland on the surface unembryonated, 1 blastomeres, brown
Ascaris suum
Paramphistomum cervi forms and releases eggs
Large
oval, symmetrical
2 shells with operculum
Unembryonated
Transparent
Strongyloides papillosus is
Thin, small, hair-like worm in SI of Ru and lagomorphs
Capillaria plica is parasite of
Car (dog, cat, fox etc)
The cystic stage of tapeworm Echinococcus granulosa is
Hydatid cyst
LC of digenean trematodes, what stage emerges from the egg
Miracidium
Teladorsagia circumcincta located in
abomasum
Dictyocaulus filaria in bronchi of
Sheep and goats
Strongyliform type of oesophagus
Stick shaped
Cylindrical middle part attached to bulbus
Egg of Dipylidum caninum
Small
Spherical
3 thick shells
Embryonated with oncosphere
Brown
What is not always present in life cycle of digeneans
redia
Describe the digestive tract of trematoda
Well developed alimentary canal with mouth, pharynx, oesophagus and 2 intestinal caeca, varies between species
Mongenea affects which species – MCQ
fish
Maritogony occurs in which host – MCQ
final host
IH of Fasciola hepatica – MCQ
Lymnea snail
name the parasite and describe the life cycle
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
embryogony
adult releases embryonated egg with miracidium
operculum opens and miracidium released to find first IH (land snail)
parthenogony
miracidium penetrates into body cells of IH, releases cilia and forms mother sporocyst
daughter sporocysts are formed from germinal cells
inside each daughter sporocyst forms at least 40 cercaria
cercaria are released to the environment in slimy secretion 3-5 months after infection of snail
boluses/slime balls containing approx. 6000 cercaria are ingested by second IH (ant)
cystogony
after ingestion, cercaria penetrate wall of digestive system of and and pass into abdominal cavity and encyst to form metacercaria
usually 2 cercaria migrate to the neural ganglion so the ant migrates and attaches to plants and stay there via spasm
maritogony
ants containing metacercaria are ingested by DH
juvenile form migrates through small intestine to ductus choledochus and to bile ducts, where they reach sexual maturity in 2-3 months
Name the egg in cyclophyllida species – MCQ
oncosphere
Lung worms of small ruminants – list
Dictyocaulus filarial
Muellerius capillaries
Protostrongylus rufescens
Cystocaulus ocreatus
Neostrongylus linearis
What species does Hymenolepis nana infect – MCQ
mouse
Ascaridia galli – life cycle – MCQ
direct or indirect
direct
IH of cysticercus tenuicollis – MCQ
livestock (ruminants, pigs, etc.)
Describe the different stages of pseudopyllida
Coracidium 🡪 procercoid 🡪 plerocercoid
Definition of oviparous
female lays unembryonated eggs
Picture of horse egg – give name and write the 5 characteristics
Parascaris equorum
medium (90-100 μm)
almost spherical
three thick shells with outer pitted coat
single homogenous blastomere
brownish
Picture of 2 eggs from dog – give name and write 5 characteristics
A. Toxicara canis
medium (75-90 μm)
subglobular with thick pitted shells
dark brown
B. Toxicara leonina
medium (75-85 μm)
subglobular with thick pitted shells
almost colourless
Picture of mouse egg – give name and write the 5 characteristics
Aspiculuris tetraptera
medium (70-100 x 30-50 μm)
elliptical, symmetrical
two thin shells
unembryonated (morula)
transparent
Strongyloides westeri host – MCQ
horse
Method of intravital diagnosis of pig lungworms
ovoscopy
What does Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus belong to – MCQ
Acanthocephala
Nematodes of sheep large intestine
Chabertia ovina
Skrjabinema ovis
Skrjabinema caprae
Cestode body segments are called?
proglottids
What stage is not always present in the life cycle of Digeneans?
redia
Who is the IH of Taenia solium?
pig
The life cycle of Toxascaris leonine is: (direct/indirect)
Ascaridoid direct
What is the site of Heterakis gallinarum?
Large Intestine – Caecum of Birds
What is the cyst of Echinococcus?
Hydatid
In Pseudopyillidea, what stage comes after the adult?
coracidium → Procercoid → plerocercoid
How is the stage inside arthropods in Cyclophyllidea called?
Metacestode - Cysticercoid
Strongyloides westeri is a parasite of
Horse and donkey
Toxocara vitullorum is a parasite of?
Calf
How many moults and larval stages are there in Nematodes?
4 moults and 4 larval stages
What hatches from a Pseudophyllidean egg?
Coracidium
Oxyurida order – spp. In horses:
Oxyuris equi
Monogenea is parasite of :
fish
Round worms in pigs (spp.):
Ascaris suis
Strongyloides ransomi
Trichuris suis
Ascarops strongylida
Metastrongylus pudendotectus
Hyostrongylis rubidus
Oesophagostomum dentatum
Dicrocoelium dendriticum IH
terrestrial snails and ants
Taenia pisiformis IH
hares and rabbits
Taenia saginata: site, IH, DH
IH: cattle - organs and muscles
DH: humans - small intestine
What structure is on the scolex of Pseudophyllida?
bothria
Which stage invades the DH in Trematoda (infective stage)?
metacercaria
Monoxeonous is:
with only 1 host
Direct life cycle is:
no IH or vectors
Embryogony in Cyclophyllidae is in:
DH (embryonated when leave DH)
Which parasite has hyatid cyst?
Echinococcus granulosus
What is the larval stage in Cyclophylidae?
metacestodes (cysticercus, coenurus, cysticercoid, echinococcus, tetrathyridium, strobilocercus)
Life cycle of Toxascaris leonina is (direct/indirect)?
direct
In Cyclophyllidae, which stage precedes the adult stage?
metacestode larval form
Toxocara canis: location and host
host: dogs and foxes
paratenic host: many animals
location: small intestine
Diphylidium canium: location and hosts
IH: fleas (Cetenocephalides canis), lice (Trichodectes canis)
DH: dog, cat, rarely man
location: small intestine
Taenia ovis: location, host, metacestode
IH: sheep, goat
metacestode: cysticercus ovis (muscles)
DH: dog, fox, wild canids
location: small intestine
Eggs 4μ are what size?
small
Species of large Stongyles in horses
S. vulgares
S. edentatus
S. equinus
Life cycle of Dictyocaulus sp. in cow
female worms are ovoviviparous laying egg containing fully developed larva in lung
L1 hatch in bronchus
L1 migrate up trachea, are swallowed and passed in faeces
L1 moult to L3 in environment
they leave the faeces to the herbage, whether by own motility or through agency of fungus Pilobolus and are ingested
L3 penetrates the intestinal wall to the mesenteric lymph node where it moults to L4
L4 travel via lymph and blood to the lung and enter the alveoli
final moult occurs in bronchioles a day later
young adults move to bronchi and mature
What eggs are in floatation method in pig faeces?
Ascaris suum
Oesophagostomum dentatum
Trichuris suis
Metastrongylus sp.
What eggs can we find in sedimentation/floatation method of ruminant faeces?
sedimentation
Fasciola hepatica
Dicrocoelium dentriticum
Paramphistomum cervi
floatation
fam. Trichostrongylidae: Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Haemonchus, Theladorgasia)
Strongyloides papillosus
Nematodirus sp.
Moniezia expansa, M. benedeni
Trichuris ovis
Oesophagostomum sp.
Toxocara vitulorum
Capillaria bovis
Head of Cestoda are called:
scolex
Heteroxenous life cycle means:
more than one host
Life cycle of Syngamus trachea
DH: domestic fowl and game birds (pheasants)
eggs escape under the bursa of the male
carried up trachea in mucus and swallowed, then passed in faeces
L3 develops within the egg
infection may occur in 3 ways
ingestion of L3 in egg
ingestion of hatched L3
ingestion of transport host
penetrate the intestines of DH and travel to the lung via blood
two parasitic moults take place in the lung in 5 days
copulation occurs in trachea or bronchi around day 7
IH of F. hepatica
snails of genus Lymnea
Metacestode of Taenia saginata is:
Cysticercus bovis
Non-microscopic method of detecting Oxyuris in horse is:
perianal swab/scraping
Life cycle of Taenia pisiformis. Host and name of larval stage
IH: rabbits and hares
DH: dog, fox, other canidae
larval stage: Cysticercus pisiformis
rabbit ingests egg, which hatches in small intestine
penetrates the intestinal wall and travel to the liver via the blood
develops in liver for 2-4 weeks
migrates to the peritoneal cavity and attaches to viscera
when DH ingests IH, the cysticercus attaches to small intestinal wall by its scolex
gravid proglottids detach and pass in faeces
Tapeworms of ruminants are Anoplocephalidae
Monezia expanza/benedeni
Larval stage of Taenia hydatigena
Cysticercus tenuicollis
Parampistomum is located in
Mainly fore stomachs of ruminant
Adult: rumen and reticulum
Larva: Duodenum and abomasum
Common name of cestodes
Tapeworms
L.C of Echinococcus spp
gravid segements are excreted in faeces of dog
they are very resistant to climatic conditions
eggs are spread by wind or flies
eggs are ingested by IH (human, domestic and wild animals)
embryos are disseminated via blood and carried to various tissues and organs, and form hydatid cysts
hydatid cysts are lined with germinative layer
produces broad capsules that consist of several scolices
part of germinative epithelium may occasionally form daughter cysts by budding
final host acquire infection by ingesting viscera-containing cysts
Which muscles are the predilection sites for nematode detection (trichinella)
Adults: small intestine
Larvae: striated muscles, diaphragm, intercostal and masseter muscles
Platyhelminths common name is
Flatworms
Alvelocosis is caused by:
Echinococcus multiocularis
Taenia ovis: IH, site, metacestode
• IH sheep - muscle
• FH carnivore - small intestine
• Cysticercus ovis
Oesophagostomum is diagnosed by?
Flotation method
Tapeworms of horses
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mamillana
Which worms can we find in pig faeces?
Strongyloides ransomi
Hyostrongylus rubidus
Oesophagostomum
Metastrongylus
Ascaris suum
Trichuris suis
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
1st IH of Dicrocoelium
land snails-(Helicella spp.)
Life cycle of Metastrongylus.
Egg in environment hatches
Larva ingested by IH earthworm
Molts L2 -> L3
FH pig ingests earthworms
Travel to lymph nodes and molt
Reach lungs and molt to adults
Toxocara canis (location and hosts)
small intestine of dog and cat
Dipylidium caninum in which animal?
IH: fleas and lice larvae as cysticercoids
DH: dog
Diagnosis methods in ru faeces.
sedimentation, larvoscopy (baerman or vajda) or flotation
Which size of egg is 45μm?
Small
What methods do we use in intravital diagnosis?
coprological exam (larvoscopy, sedimentation, flotation)
anal smears
serological
clinical
What is the larval stage in cyclophylidae:
Metacestode in IH
Cysticercus
Cysticercoid
Coenurus
Strobilocercus
Echinococcus (Hydatid cyst)
Tetrathyridium
IH in Cyclophyllidae:
either vertebrate or invertebrate
Forms metacestode in IH (larval stage)
Taenia saginata: location, IH and what it forms in it and DH
humanLocation: small intestine
IH: cattle - forms Cysticercus bovis in muscle
DH: human