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Sternocleidomastoid

flexes neck and rotates head; origin sternum & clavicle; insertion mastoid process

Trapezius

elevates/retracts/depresses scapula and extends neck; origin occipital bone & vertebrae; insertion clavicle & scapula

Coracobrachialis

flexes and adducts arm; origin coracoid process; insertion medial humerus

Deltoid

abducts arm; origin clavicle & scapula; insertion deltoid tuberosity

Latissimus dorsi

extends/adducts/medially rotates arm; origin lower spine & iliac crest; insertion humerus

Pectoralis major

flexes/adducts/medially rotates arm; origin clavicle sternum ribs; insertion humerus

Supraspinatus

abducts arm; origin supraspinous fossa; insertion greater tubercle

Teres major

extends/adducts/medially rotates arm; origin inferior scapula; insertion humerus

Biceps brachii

flexes elbow and supinates forearm; origin scapula; insertion radial tuberosity

Brachioradialis

flexes elbow; origin humerus; insertion radial styloid process

Triceps brachii

extends elbow; origin scapula & humerus; insertion olecranon

Flexor carpi radialis

flexes wrist and abducts hand; origin medial epicondyle; insertion metacarpals II–III

Extensor carpi radialis

extends wrist and abducts hand; origin lateral epicondyle; insertion metacarpals II–III

Flexor carpi ulnaris

flexes wrist and adducts hand; origin medial epicondyle; insertion pisiform & metacarpal

Skeletal muscle

striated with many nuclei and long cylindrical fibers

Smooth muscle

non-striated with single central nucleus and circular/longitudinal layers

Cardiac muscle

striated branching cells with single nucleus and intercalated discs

Rectus abdominis

flexes spine; origin pubis; insertion ribs 5–7 and xiphoid

Erector spinae

extends spine; origin vertebrae & iliac crest; insertion vertebrae & ribs

Gluteus maximus

extends thigh; origin ilium & sacrum; insertion femur

Gluteus medius

abducts thigh; origin ilium; insertion greater trochanter

Iliopsoas

flexes hip; origin ilium & lumbar vertebrae; insertion lesser trochanter

Sartorius

flexes hip and knee; origin ASIS; insertion medial tibia

Gracilis

adducts thigh; origin pubis; insertion medial tibia

Hamstrings

extend hip and flex knee; origin ischial tuberosity; insertion tibia/fibula

Rectus femoris

extends knee and flexes hip; origin AIIS; insertion tibial tuberosity

Gastrocnemius

plantarflexes foot and flexes knee; origin femoral condyles; insertion calcaneus

Soleus

plantarflexes foot; origin tibia & fibula; insertion calcaneus

Tibialis anterior

dorsiflexes and inverts foot; origin tibia; insertion first metatarsal & medial cuneiform

ATP in muscle contraction

releases myosin from actin powers myosin head and pumps Ca²⁺ into SR

Synarthrosis

immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint (synovial)

Fibrous joint

bones connected by dense connective tissue with little movement

Cartilaginous joint

bones joined by cartilage allowing slight movement

Synovial joint

joint with cavity and synovial fluid freely movable

Plane (gliding) joint

flat surfaces slide over each other

Hinge joint

allows flexion and extension only

Pivot joint

rotation around one axis

Condyloid (ellipsoid) joint

movement in two planes flex/extend and abduct/adduct

Saddle joint

two-plane movement with some rotation

Ball-and-socket joint

widest range of motion including rotation

Suture

immovable fibrous skull joint

Gomphosis

peg-in-socket joint (teeth)

Syndesmosis

fibrous joint with slight movement

Symphysis

cartilaginous joint made of fibrocartilage

Synchondrosis

cartilaginous joint made of hyaline cartilage

Articular cartilage

smooth cartilage covering bone ends in synovial joints

Synovial fluid

lubricates and nourishes joint

Joint capsule

fibrous enclosure around synovial joint

Ligament

connects bone to bone for joint stability

Tendon

connects muscle to bone

Bursa

fluid-filled sac reducing friction

Meniscus

fibrocartilage pad improving joint fit and shock absorption