HOSA Pharmacology

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs.

Shirley Amendment of 1912

Prevented fraudulent therapeutic claims by drug manufacturers

Harrison Act of 1914

Established the word narcotic and required the use of a stamp on narcotic drug containers. Also regulated the importation, manufacture, sale, and use of opium, codeine, and their derivatives

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938

A New drug could not be marketed until proven safe, tested for toxicity, and required adverse drug effects to be reported.

Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951)

Replaced Laws of 1938. Required designation of whether or not the drug was prescription or OTC

Schedule I

This type of drug has no accepted medical use in the United States and has a high potential for abuse

Schedule II drugs

Accepted for medical use but with severe restrictions (high potential for abuse)

Schedule III drugs

Have low potential for abuse with an accepted medical use. Perscription only

Schedule IV

Abuse potential exists, but less than Sch III. Examples are: Ambien, Darvocet and Lorazepam.

Schedule V drugs

Lowest potential for abuse. May be sold OTC to people that show ID

Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962)

Requires proof of safety and efficacy of a drug for approval before marketing

Controlled Substances Act (1970)

Replaced all laws passed prior to it concerning drug control. 5 drug schedules put in place based on potential for abuse.

Poison Prevention Packaging Act (1970)

Implemented child resistant packaging

Drug Listing Act of 1972

drugs must have a National Drug Code number.

Drug Regulation and Reform Act of 1978

Quicker development and distribution of new drugs

Orphan Drug Act of 1983

Established funding for research of rare chronic illnesses for new and old drugs.

Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984

Eased requirements for marketing generic drugs

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA 1990)

Mandated that OTC drugs be documented

Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990

placed all into category III drugs (CSA)

Prescription Drug Amendments of 1992

Allowed rapid approval of drugs for life-threatening diseases

Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997

Allowed rapid approval of drugs by the FDA

Pharmacokinesis

the movement of drugs through the body via absorbtion, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

drug blood level

amount of a drug present in the blood

plasma binding

when proteins bind to drugs and decrease the amount of free-flowing drug in the bloodstream allowing the drug to stay in the body for longer.

Examples of Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine

Uses for Sulfonamides

Treating UTIs, Ulcerative colitis, 2nd and 3rd degree burns

Drugs that interact with Sulfonamides

Oral anticoagulants, methotrexate, and hydantoins

What are the 4 groups of penicillin?

Natural penicillins, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, extended-spectrum penicillins

Uses for Penicillins

UTIs, Septicemia, Meningitis, Intra-Abdominal infections, Sexually Transmitted Infections (syphilis), Pneumonia and other respiratory infections

What variables can effect drug dosage?

Weight, Age, Height, Gender, Genetics, Diet

Another name for antianxiety drugs

Anxiolytics

Benzodiazepines

category 4 meds

3 Examples of antianxiety drugs

alprazolam, doxepin, lorazepam

Acroynm for cancer in adults?

CAUTION

What are the common signs of childhood cancer and the abbriviation?

CHILD CANCER
C ontinued unexplained weight loss
H eadaches, often with early morning vomiting
I ncreased swelling or persistant pain in bones,
joints, back, or legs
L ump or mass, especially in the abdomen, neck,
chest, pelvis, or armpits
D evelopment of excessive bruising, bleeding, or
rash
C onstant infection
A whitish color behind the pupil
N ausea that that persists or vomiting without
nausea
C onstant tiredness or noticeable paleness
E ye or vision changes that occur suddenly and
persist
R ecurrent and persistent fevers of unknown origin

What chemotherapy targets?

Fast-dividing cells

What is the difference between stage and grade in cancer diagnosis?

Stage is how invasive a tumor is, grade is used to classify how abnormal a cancer cell looks under a microscope

Benign Tumor

localized, is smooth and freely movable, and do not break the skin

Malignant Tumor

A tumor that metastasizes to different parts of the body through the lymph nodes and blood vessels

What is another name for antineoplastic agents?

chemotherapeutic agents

What is an anticonvulsant?

A drug used to treat seizures, neuropathic pain, Bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorder

How do anticonvulsants work?

By depressing abnormal nerve impulse discharges in the CNS (central nervous system)

A person taking oral contraceptive should not take

anticonvulsants

anticonvulsants?

diazepam

Which name (trade or generic) starts with a lowercase letter?

Generic

What are the 5 stages of the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, M, G0

Select the option that shows the cell kill theory.

90% of 100% Killed, 10% left
90% of 10% Killed, 1% left
Body attacks rest of cancer

gemcitabine

Used for
Solid tumors: pancreatic, NSCLC

nelarabines

C11H15N5O5

platinum-based drugs

cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin

What drug has the chemical formula of C16H20FN3O4?

linezolid

What is one example of a Topical Anti inflammatory or Corticosteroid Agent?

hydrocortisone

Pharmacodynamics

the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action.

Pharmacology

the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.

Pharmacokinetics

the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body.

Pharmacotherapeutics

beneficial and adverse effects of drugs.

Polypharmacy

the simultaneous use of multiple drugs to treat a single ailment or condition.

Potentiation

the increase in strength of nerve impulses along pathways that have been used previously, either short-term or long-term.

Receptor site

A molecular site or the docking port on the surface of, or within, a cell, usually involving proteins that are capable of recognizing and binding with specific molecules. Supplement. For example: CD4 receptor on the surface of certain cells is the receptor site that HIV binds with and uses to enter cells.

Recombinant DNA technology

segments of two or more different DNA molecules.

Replacement therapy

treatment aimed at making up a deficit of a substance normally present in the body.

Safe drug

a drug that causes no harmful effects when taken in high doses over a long period of time.

Solubility

Ability of particles to be dissolved.

Distribution

is a branch of pharmacokinetics which describes the reversible transfer of a drug from one location to another within the body.

Drug blood level

The concentration of drug and/or its active metabolite(s) or chemical present in the blood (serum or plasma).

Drug half

when 0.5 concentration or amount of drug in the body reduced.

Drug interaction

affects the activity of a drugs when both are administered together.

Excretion

any one of a number of processes by which a drug is eliminated (that is, cleared and excreted) from an organism either in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite.

First pass

metabolism of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation or through absorption.

unbound Drug

a drug is kept in the bloodstream

Glycoside

a sugar is bound to another functional group

Habituation

tolerance to the effects of a drug acquired through continued use.

Hypersensitivity reaction

an immune-mediated reaction to a drug.

Ideal drug

effective and safe, producing no side effects or adverse reactions

Idiosyncratic

An unexpected, unusual response to a Drug.

Indication

reason to use a particular drug for a particular disorder.

Alkaloid

A drug that is combined with acids to make salts

Distribution

a branch of pharmacokinetics which describes the reversible transfer of a drug from one location to another within the body.

Antagonist

Medication that binds to a receptor

allergic reaction

Hypersensitivity to a drug

antiinflammatory

a drug that reduces inflammation

Biotransformation

Chemical changes that a substance undergoes in the body

Curative

Medication prescribed to kill the causative agents

Demulcent

Drug used to soothe a body part or to relieve symptoms of irritation

Pharmacology

the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.

Pharmacotherapeutics

a branch of Pharmacology, which is defined by Merriam-Webster as "the study of the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs" this is a study of beneficial and adverse effects of drugs.

Denominator

Part of a fraction representing the total number of parts

Dosage strength

Amount of drug in the given form, such as tablet or capsule

Gram

Mass metric measure equivalent to one thousandth of a kilogram

Liter

Metric measure of volume, roughly equivalent to quart in household measure

Adverse reaction

Undesirable drug effect.

Dimensional analysis

Newer method of calculating drug dosages based on fractions

metric system

System of measurement based on units of 10.

Numerator

Part of a fraction representing the number of parts taken (the number above the line).

Solvent

Fluid in which a solid dissolves; also called the diluent.

antagonism

Cancellation or reduction of one drug's effect by another drug

nonprescription drugs

safe when taken as directed, can be obtained without a prescription.

prescription drugs

potentially harmful unless their use is supervised by a licensed health care provider, such as a nurse practitioner, physician, or dentist.

What is a common adverse reaction to chemotherapy drugs?

Hair loss

In what drug schedule would you find heroine and other specialty drugs?

Schedule 1