Ap Modern World History - Unit 3

Chapter 28 - 1-60 | Chapter 29 61 - 97 | Chapter 30 98 - 123 | Chapter 31 124 - 168

What units or periods of study have we covered and what period are we covering moving forward?

1. Postclassical period (600-1450)
2. Early Modern period (1450-1750)
3. Modern period (1750-1900)

What did revolutionaries of the 18th and 19th centuries seek to do?

Establish equitable society in which the government is responsive to interests of the people
Sought to take the old power out and new power in

What is the first revolution we covered in this class?

Glorious Revolution, which eliminated absolute monarch and replaced with a constitutional monarchy

What did revolutionaries attack? What did they argue?

Revolutionaries attacked monarchies and rulers
Argued for new governments based on popular sovereignty Instead of governed by monarchs, argued for governed by a constitution, which are laws that govern a state

What was by far the most common form of government for agricultural societies leading up to the modern period?

Monarchies
One absolute ruler

How did kings and emperors justify their political supremacy and the authority to rule? (CAUSE)

Divine rights theory that God gave a ruler the right to rule
"Mandate of Heaven" in Asia
"Divine Right of Kings" in Europe

During the 17th and 18th centuries, who began to question long standing notions of sovereignty? (CAUSE)

Enlightenment philosophes
Didn't challenge monarchy
Sought to push monarchs to be more responsible for the people

Who is John Locke and why is he important? (CAUSE)

Enlightenment philosophe from England
Believed the government is the contract between ruling monarchs and subjected people
Wrote Second Treatise of civil Government in 1690 that described people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property
People have the right to overthrow and bring a new government in if natural rights are violated

Who is Voltaire and why is he important?

Enlightenment philosophe form England
Advocate for freedom of speech and freedom of religion

Who is John-Jacques Rousseau and why is he important? (CAUSE)

Enlightenment philosophe from France
Pushed for political equality
Believed people have the right to participate directly in government in his book Social Contract in 1762

Did Enlightenment philosophers want true freedom and equality for all? Why?

Philosophers were wealthy European males who wanted to enhance their own authority and limit powers of ruling elites
Led to no share of power to women, peasants, and people of color

What did Enlightenment thought challenge? How did revolutionary leaders in Europe and the Americas use Enlightenment ideas?

Challenge old political order and social order from monarchy
Revolutionaries adopted Enlightenment ideas
Led to French Revolution, American Revolution, and Haitian Revolutions, and wars for independence

What is the effect of Enlightenment?

American Revolution
French Revolution
Haitian Revolution
Wars for independence

What is this week's first major world revolution?

American Revolution (paved the way for all future revolutions)

What French history should you know so far?

History of France so far =
Rise of regional states of Medieval Europe
Absolute monarch: Louis XIV "sun king", then led to his heir, Louis XVI

What did French revolutionaries also draw inspiration from?

Enlightenment political thought
Locke supported natural rights
Rousseau supported direct participation in government
Voltaire supported civil liberties like freedom of speech and religion

What is the Ancien Regime and what did French revolutionaries want to do with it?

Old French order
Political structure of absolute monarchy
Social structure of Three Estates
Revolutionary leaders wanted new social and political structures

What economic problems did France face in the 1780s? (CAUSE)

War debt from the American Revolution (50% of budget)
French military (25% of budget)
France needed new economic policies

Who is King Louis XVI? What was his solution to France's financial difficulties?

Absolute monarch of France from 1774 to 1793
Sought to solve financial difficulties by taxing nobles, 2nd Estate

What was the French social structure like in the Ancien Regime? (CAUSE)

"The Three Estates"
Top: Monarch
First: Roman Catholic clergy; paid no taxes and made up 1% of population
Second: Nobles; paid no taxes and made up 2% of population
Third: Everybody else; paid all taxes and made up 97% of population

How did French nobility react to King Louis XVI's solution to France's fiscal difficulties?

Protested taxes and refused to pay
Forced King Louis XVI to call for a Estates General meeting instead

What is the Estates General? When was it founded and when was the last time a meeting was held? (CAUSE)

Political assembly that brought representatives from the three estates to pass laws
Founded in 1303 and prior meeting was in 1614
Voting consisted of one vote per estate regardless of size
Third Estate was always oppressed by the clergy and nobles

What did King Louis XVI do in May 1789? Was he successful? (CAUSE)

Called for an Estate General meeting
Wanted to authorize new taxes
Instead, the Third Estate demanded reforms which were refused by the clergy and nobles

What happened on June 17, 1789?

The Third Estate leaves the Estates Gneral and establish the National Assembly, a new unofficial government in France
Supported by sympathizers from the other estates
Met on this day in an indoor tennis court to oath on unity and to provide France a new constitution
"Tennis court oath" event

What happened on July 14, 1789? (CAUSE)

French people feared retaliation from King Louis XVI after departure of the Third Estate from the Estates General
Raided Bastille, a Paris jail, for gunpowder weapons in "Storming of Bastille"
Led to death and riots in cities of France in a period of "Great Fear"

What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen? (EFFECT)

National Assembly program established in 1789 seeking social and political reforms
Stated all men are created equal
The people had rights to life, property, and security

What did the National Assembly do between 1789 and 1791? (EFFECT)

Reorganized French society with liberty, equality, and fraternity
Abolished the Ancien Regime and the Three Estates
Modified role of church officials and required them to take an loyalty oath to the state

In 1791, The constitutional monarchy king, had chief executive with a purpose of enforcing laws, and the legislative assembly writes assembly laws.

What are the phases of the French Revolution?

Phases of the French Revolution
1. Estates General
2. National Assembly
- Tennis court oath
- Storming of the Bastille
- Great Fear
3. French revolution begins
- Legislative Assembly

Where geographically did the Haitian Revolution take place?

On the Caribbean island of Hispaniola
West side was French colony and east side was Spanish colony
Took place on the west side

What Enlightenment ideals inspired revolutionary movements in the Caribbean and Latin America? (CAUSE)

Freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty

What was the island of Hispaniola like economically by the 18th century?

Cash crops plantation like sugar cane, which heavily depended on African slave labor

What was produced in Saint- Domingue? Was Saint Domingue important economically for France? Why? (CAUSE)

A center of sugar production and hundreds of plantations
Sugar, coffee, and cotton produced accounted for 1/3 of France's foreign trade and sixty percent of world's coffee

White Colonists 400,00
Gens de colour (People of color) African Mulattoes Europeans + Africa 8,000 = 500,000

What three major groups made up the population of Saint-Domingue?

White colonials; three classes:
Upper: Monopolized colonial administrative posts (Grands blancs)
Upper: Plantation owners and minor aristocrats (Grands blancs)
Lower: Artisans, shopkeepers, slave dealers, and laborers (Petits blancs)
People of color; most were mulatto and some were black; artisans, domestic servants, and overseers; some were very wealthy and owned small plots of lands and slaves; did not enjoy same rights as white colonials
African slaves; some were mulatto and some were African-born; 90% of population

What were conditions like for slaves in Saint-Domingue? (CAUSE)

Worked in fields under brutal conditions
Planters worked them so hard and provided little care
Mortality was very high

Why did plantation owners live in constant fear of slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue? (CAUSE)

Outnumbered by a factor of more than ten by the slaves
Frequently had violent conflicts with slaves
Runaway slaves formed maroon communities who maintained their own society and attacked plantations in search of food, weapons, tools, and recruits from the slaves

How did the Ameriacn Revolution influence revolution in Saint-Domingue? (CAUSE)

Colonial governors of Saint-Domingue sent about 500 people of color to fight for America in the Revolutionary Wars
Sought to reform society when returned to Saint-Domingue

How did the French Revolution influence revolution in Saint-Domingue? (CAUSE)

White settlers sought to govern themselves as the French Revolution broke out
Whites opposed proposals to grant political and legal equality to people of color
Civil war broke out between whites and people of color by May 1791

Who is Boukman and why is he important? What happened in August 1791? (CAUSE)

A Vodou priest who organized a slave revolt
12,000 slaves began killing white settlers, burning homes, and destroying plantations
Whites, people of color, and slaves fought each other

What governed the Iberian colonies? (CAUSE)

30,000 peninsulares (Europeans born in Spain and Portugal) who ruled as government officials
3.5 M creoles (Europeans born in New World) wanted power

What grievances did creoles have in the Iberian colonies? (CAUSE)

Peninsulares dominate political activities
Iberian powers regulate economy with taxes

What political change did the creoles want? (CAUSE)

Wanted to displace peninsulares as main political power and the dominant class
Wanted independence from Iberia

Who is Miguel Hidalgo y Castilla and why is he important? (CAUSE)

Mexican Catholic priest
Led revolts against Spanish rule in Mexico by organizing natives and mestizos
As an effect of Napoleon's invasion into Spain and Portugal as it weakened Iberian political authority in Latin America

What did conservative creoles do to Hidalgo?

Hidalgo fought in name of Virgin Guadalupe and argued in social and economic warfare against Mexican elites
Hidalgo captured and executed by Mexican elites

Who is Augustin de Iturbide and why is he important? (CAUSE)

Creole general in Mexico
Declared independence from Spain in 1821
Succeeded as he had military forces and declares himself emperor in 1822

What happened to Iturbide in 1823? (EFFECT)

Mexican creole elites deposed Iturbide and eliminate monarchy
Creoles elites establish the Mexican Republic based on popular sovereignty and a constitution

What is the Central American Confederation? What happened to it in 1838?

Southern regions of Mexico that declared independence from Mexico Republic
Formed Central American Federation in 1824
Split into five independent states in 1838

Who is Simon Bolivar and why is he important? (EFFECT)

South American creole elites and Venezuela general
Armed against Spanish rule in 1811
Assembled army in 1819
Crushed Spanish in Columbia, Venezuela, Peru, and Ecuador; led them into independence

Who is Jose de Dan Martin? Who is Bernardo O'Higgins?

South American creole elites
Martin led independence in Argentina
O'Higgins led independence in Chile
Both done by 1820s

How did Brazil gain its independence from Portugal? What kind of government did Brazil establish? (EFFECT)

Napoleon from France invades Portugal in 1807 C.E.
Effects:
Portugal sent the royal court out of the country elsewhere, with the king returning in 1821 C.E.

Left his son, Pedro, back in Brazil to be his regent in his absence

Brazilian Criollos demanded independence
Effects:
Pedro agrees to demands of the Portuguese but Parliament tried to persuade him to refuse
Pedro ignored the Parliament & declared Brazil independent from Portugal, while accepting his appointment to be Pedro I

After gaining independence, who dominated the newly formed Latin American nations? What changes did they bring? Despite these changes what remained the same politically in Latin America?

Creole elites
Peninsulares leave for Europe as power vacuum
Caudillos are creole elites granted with military authority
Slavery, cultural wealth and authority of Roman Catholic Church, and lack of power by Indigenous people and mestizos persisted no power

European = Power

What is an ideology?

Ideology: Way of thinking
Vision of human nature & society, proposing specific political & social organization
Conservatism supports status quo (tradition)
Liberalism criticizes status quo as it's a movement to improve society over time

What caused the rise of the modern ideology of conservatism?

Theorists, Political & social theories that respond to the challenges of the American & French revolutions

How did conservatives view society?

Conservatism is a political ideology found by Edmund Burke, an English political philosopher in 1700s
Main ideas:
Upholding status quo but is okay with change if it's slow & the general consensus agrees
Against revolutions as it's radical

How did Edmund Burke feel about the American Revolution and the French Revolution?

Approved of American Revolution since the general consensus approved
Against the French Revolution since it was radical

How did Liberals view society?

Liberalism is a political ideology founded by John Stuart Mill, an English political philosopher & economist social reformer in the 1700s
Mills critiqued status quo as it overlooks injustice & equality, believing that change leads to progress
Universal Suffrage:
Believed in the right to vote & that the majority impose their will on the minority Celebrated Enlightenment ideas of freedom & equality
Favors republican governments that are based on popular sovereignty

How did Liberals view conservatives?

Conservatives justify status quo & feel that they focus too much on privileged elites of the social structure

Felt like they avoid looking at injustice & inequality

By the end of the nineteenth century, what did Liberals believe was the role of governments?

Believed the government's role was to minimize problems in society & fix them as well

What did the wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era inspire?

French Revolution led to the development of a new community identity called nationalism (loyalty & devotion to one's nation)
Cause:
French citizens of the French Revolution felt proud to be defending their country from enemies
Napoleonic era:
Many European states united to fight against France & Napoleon
Effects:
People felt like real members of the national community

Throughout the nineteenth century, European nationalist leaders worked to do what?

Built states on national identities
Motivated citizens to work in the interest of the national community
Effects (positive/negative):
Brought unity
Suspicion & jealously of other national groups

What is one effect of the growth of nationalism?

World War I

Where geographically does the Industrial Revolution break?

1. Eastern Hemisphere - Western Europe

2. United Kingdom vs. Great Britain vs. England

United Kingdom: England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland
Great Britain: England, Wales, Scotland

What major economic shift do we see in the Modern period from the Early Modern period?

Transition: Agricultural based to industrial based economies

Postclassical/Early Modern: Agricultural economies
1. Price of African slaves increased
2. Decline of price of cash crops
3. Agricultural economies began facing decreased profit

European shift of economic investment from cash crops to manufacturing industries =
Modern period: Industrial based economy AKA industrial revolution

1. Transition from agricultural hand-crafted economies to the machine production of goods in factories

By the mid-eighteenth century, what did high agricultural productivity result in? (CAUSE)

Population growth that led to increased labor

Effects:

Specialization labor there was no more need for agricultural workers

Requiring people that specializes in something else outside of agriculture

What is industrialization?

Industrialization = Economic & political power

Great Britain was the first country in the world to industrialize, why? (CAUSE)

Advantages:

1. Natural resources such as coal (replaced wood as a major fuel source)

2. Geography (Europe having the largest coal deposits & rivers for transportation)

3. Colonies in the Americas that provided raw materials such as cotton & sugarcane
- Had markets to sell manufactured goods

4. Emergence of textile industry that mostly focused on clothing

What encouraged the transformation of the British cotton industry? (CAUSE)

English textiles were made out of wool in the 17th century that led to consumers to increase demand of cotton

Cause: Cotton was lighter & easier to wash/dry

Effects: British wool producers enacted the Calico Act from 1720-1721 C.E. to prohibit imports of cotton cloths

Demand for cotton still increased

Because of the increased demand for cotton, how did producers increase the spinning and weaving of cotton? (CAUSE)

Development of technology such as manufacturing inventions that stopped hand-production of goods

Start mechanization which was the machine production of goods

Who is John Kay and why is he important? (CAUSE)

Mechanic from Manchester, England

Invented the flying shuttle in 1735 C.E. to quicken the weaving process

Effects: Increased demands of cotton thread

Who is Samuel Crompton and why is he important? (CAUSE)

English inventor

Important: Invented the spinning-mule in 1779 C.E. to speed up the weaving process

Effects: Increased demands of cotton thread

What did the technological developments of the cotton industry permit?

Production of textile goods at larger volumes & more variety, leading to low cost of products

Who is James Watt and why is he important?

Instrument-maker from the University of Glasglow, Scotland

Important: Invented the steam engine that needs burning of coal to boil water, producing steam as power for machine

Effects: 1000+ steam engines were used in Europe & Great Britain increased their productivity of the textile industry, resulting in cheaper prices

What caused British iron production to skyrocket during the eighteenth century? (CAUSE)

British smelters (melt metal) used coke (purified form of coal) to product iron as it was cheaper than coal

Effects: Increased iron production that led to a price drop

Iron was used to build bridges, buildings, & ships

Who is Henry Bessemer and why is he important?

British inventor

Important: Invented the Bessemer converter (refined furnace used to create steel)

Effects: Increase in production of steel, dropping the price & replaced iron

Steel was used to make tools, machines, & structures

What were iron and steel used for in the industrialization process? (CAUSE)

Transportation technology made by George Stephenson through his invention of steam-powered locomotives

1829 - create rocket engine allow locomotive to go 28 miles per hour

Effect: transportation network expanded and between 1830-1870 Great Britain create more than 13,000 miles of railroad

Creation of steamships --> sail goods internationally

What is the proindustrial system that is central on the household in the early stages of the emerging capitalist system of Europe?

Proindustrialization is early industrialization: Machine production of goods in factories

1. Putting out system

2. Cottage industry- Raw goods are transported to small villages to be produced & manufactured

- Individual homes of families work to turn in raw goods into manufactured goods

- Manufactured goods gets transported again to another town to be sold to markets for a profit

What was the road to industrialization like?

Road to Industrialization:

Early Modern period - Proindustrialization
Phase 1 - Putting out system
Phase 2 - Proindustrial factories

Modern period - Industrialization
1. Factory system

What caused the formation of proindustrial factories?

17th to 18th centuries: Increase in demand for textiles & growing use of water & wind power, leading to the establishment of protoindustrial factories

Workers in these factories were under one roof & focus on specialized tasks

What became the characteristic method of production in industrial economies? When did it emerge? In what industry did it grow?

Factory system: Originated from Great Britain's textile industry in late 18th century

Causes: Emerging textile machines ended up becoming too large & expensive to be stored within homes

Came up with the solution to store them in factories instead

Where did most industrial workers come from?

Came from rural countryside in Great Britain

Causes: Faced rural problems such as overpopulation, declining job opportunities, & financial issues

Effects: Farmers sold their land to large landowners

In the factories, what caused a more rational organization of job functions that differed from earlier forms of industrial organization?

New factory division of labor called the Assembly Line in which each worker performed one individual task

What new powers did factories give to managers?

1. Strict work discipline

2. Close supervision of workers

What was an individual laborers' work week like?

Worked six days/week, 12-14 hour shifts daily in the Assembly Line

Being closely watched by factory managers

Received physical or financial punishments whenever expectations weren't met

Dangerous work & settings that led to many accidents

Maiming: Bodily injury & fatal accidents

The factory system led to what kind of social structure?

Factory system social structure:

1. Factory owners

2. Factory managers

3. Factory workers
- Wage earners
- Depended on their employees for economic livelihood
- Old farming skills didn't matter

Who are the Luddites and why are they important?

- Groups of English textile workers

Important: Launched a rampage from 1811-1816 C.E.

Effects: Destroyed textile machines & blamed them for reason of both unemployment & low wages

Movement spread to other factories: Wool & cotton factories

Ended abruptly in 1813 C.E. by the British government as they hung about 14 Luddites

What SPICE problems did industrialization lead to?

Problems:

1. Air & water pollution
2. Unequal industrial social structure
3. Poor and unsanitary living conditions for the working class in the cities
4. Child labor

Who were the critics of early industrial society? What economic system are they criticizing?

Socialists are social critics & reformers that disliked communism and felt that communism led to economic inequality & exploitation of women/children

Goal: Fix industrialization & eliminate capitalism as it brings both social/economic problems

How did early socialists seek to expand the Enlightenment understanding of equality?

Enlightenment thinkers' ideas regarding political, legal & social equality

Wanted to add economic equality

Who are the utopian socialists and what did they hope to establish?

Utopian socialists are social reformers with the goal to create a perfect community

Socialism emerges through social critics known as Charles Fourier & Robert Owen in 1830 C.E.

Goal: Establish ideal communities & work toward an equitable community

What is New Lanark? What happened to most of the ideal communities like New Lanark?

Industrial community founded in Scotland by Robert Owen

Origins: Started off as a cotton factory town

Immediate Effect:
1. Increased their profits & raised wages
2. Reducing workdays for workers from 17 to 10 hours
3. Built spacious housing for workers & stores that sold goods for fair prices
4. School opened for children to receive an education in 1816 C.E.

Long term effects:
1. Unfortunately closed down from economic & political problems

Who are Karl Marx and Friedrich English?

Marx & Engels are both 19th century German socialist theorists & writers

How did Marx and Engels feel about utopian socialists? Why?

Utopian socialists are unrealistic & not providing a real attempt to solve industrial problems

What did Marx and Engels believe was at the heart of the social problems of the nineteenth century?

Arguments:

1. Felt that capitalism was the biggest problem
2. Capitalism divides people into two social classes known as the factory owners & factory workers
3. Capitalists are in continuous competition for profit which led to the exploitation of workers
4. State governments work in the interest of capitalists as the control the state, police, & court
5. Believed that music, art, literature, & religion favor capitalists as they keep you distracted while capitalists exploit you

What is the Manifesto of the Communist Party?

Political pamphlet made by Marx & Engels in 1848 C.E.

Who did Marx and Engels align themselves with in the Manifesto?

Communist & socialists

Effects: Felt that everyone was deserving of equal rights & opportunities

How did the Manifesto view human history?

Human history is a struggle between social classes, capitalists vs. workers

Believed that workers will win/rule over the capitalists in the future & cause the decline of capitalism

What kind of a socialist revolution did Marx and Engels believe in?

Dictatorship of the Proletariat

Effects: Dictatorship is the new rule & they abolished private property, including destroying capitalism to abolish communists

What is the difference between socialism and communism?

Socialism: Social & economic system where the government controls the industries

Controls private property as it's limited due to economic equality

Communism: Social & economic system where there is total government ownership with no private ownership

There was no competition & the government divided equally among all citizens

What United States history should you know so far?

United States history so far:
1. British colonies in North America
2. American Revolution
3. Independence
4. Peace of Paris
5. United States Constitution

What did the United States begin to do after gaining its independence from Great Britain?

1. Establish their own government, known as the Constitution

- Federal government: takes care of general issues
- State government: takes care of local issues

2. Led to expanding into the west (Westward Expansion)

After the American Revolution, what lands did Great Britain cede to the new United States? (CAUSE)

Great Britain cedes all lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to United States