Anatomy midterm JOINTS AND MUSCLES

Synarthrosis

An immovable joint.

Example: Cranial Bones

Gomphoses (fibrous)

Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets

Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint)

an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the vertebrae.

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

ex. pubic symphysis

sydesmosis joint (fibrous)

a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers

symphysis joint (cartilaginous)

bones grow together with cartilage and function as one

diarthrosis joint (synovial)

freely movable joint

synovial fluid

joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

articular capsule of synovial joint

connects bones and encloses synovial cavity

2 layers:

fibrous capsule - outer layer; dense irregular connective tissue; attaches to periosteum; flexible yet strong; some portions form bundles called

ligaments

synovial membrane

membrane lining the capsule of a joint, secretes synovial fluid

synovial cavity

space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

fat pads

superficial to the joint capsule, protect articular cartilages

meniscus (disc)

plate of fibrocartilage partially or completely dividing a joint cavity

Bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

synovial joint movements

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Elevation

raising a body part superiorly

Depression

lowering a body part inferiorly

Protraction

moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground

Retraction

moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground

medial rotation

rotation toward the midline of the body

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

plantar flexion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

glenohumeral joint

shoulder joint; articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and head of the humerus, ball and socket joint

Supraspinatus

Abducts arm; stabilizes the head of the humerus in glenoid cavity; one of the "rotator cuff" muscles

Subcapularis

rotates arm medially

Infraspinatus

rotates arm laterally, stabilizes shoulder joint

teres minor

rotates arm laterally, stabilizes shoulder joint

glenohumeral ligament

3 bands which run from the glenoid cavity to the humerus

coracoacromial ligament

Makes a connection between the coracoid process and the acromion

coracohumeral ligament

Connects head of humerus to the coracoid process

coracoid process

process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

coraclavicular ligament

connects the clavicle to the coracoid process

acromioclavicular joint

the joint formed by the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle

acromion process

extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder

subacromial bursa

bursa that protects the supraspinatus muscle tendon and superior end of the humerus from rubbing against the acromion of the scapula

subcoracoid bursa

between the joint capsule and the coracoid process of the scapula

subdeltoid bursa

Forms a cushion between the deltoid muscle and the greater trochanter when the arm is abducted

subscapular bursa

bursa that prevents rubbing of the subscapularis muscle tendon against the scapula

humeroulnar joint

trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

humeroradial joint

articulation between the capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius

radial collateral ligament

connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius

annular ligament

binds the head of the radius to the ulna

ulnar (medial) collateral ligament

- stabilizes the medial side of the joint

- connects the humerus with the ulna

coxal joint

hip joint

iliofemoral ligament

connects ilium to femur

strongest ligament in the body

pubofemoral ligament

connects pubis to femur

ischiofemoral ligament

connects ischium to femur

transverse acetabular ligament

Connects the femur to the inferior acetabular rim

ligamentum teres

Ligament head of femur

Intra-articular ligament

Carries small artery to the femoral head

patellar ligament

connects the tibial tuberosity to the quadriceps tendon

popliteal ligaments

Run between the femur and heads of the tibia and fibula

tibial collateral ligament

connects the medial epicondyle of the femur to the tibia

fibular collateral ligament

connects the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the fibula

anterior cruciate ligament

(ACL) Attaches to anterior tibia

posterior cruciate ligament

PCL: connects the intercondylar eminence of the tibia to the medial side of the intercondylar fossa

first class lever

a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum, example the neck

second class lever

the load is between the fulcrum and the input force; never changes the direction of the input force, example the hip

third class lever

The fulcrum is at one end of the bar and the effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance, example the elbow

ball and socket joint

shoulder and hip

pivot joint

rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

plane joint

allows only gliding movement (carpals)

condylar joint

a shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility

glenoid cavity

socket in scapular that receives head of humerus

rheumatoid arthritis

A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities

Epimysium

covers the entire skeletal muscle

muscle

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

fascile

bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers)

muscle fiber

long slender skeletal muscle cells

Endomysium

Surrounds individual muscle fibers

fascia

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

fascia compartments

fascial systems that enclose muscles in compartments

origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

insert

the attachment of a muscle that is most distal and moves during contraction

Agonist muscle

The muscle primarily responsible for movement of a bone.

Synergist

muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation