A-Z NAVLE Study Guide

What are some positive effects of Acepromazine?

Antidysrhythmic effects, reduces halothane malignant hyperthermia in pigs.

In what conditions should the dose of Acepromazine be decreased?

Hepatic dysfunction and cardiac disease.

In what specific patient conditions is Acepromazine contraindicated?

Hypovolemic shock, tetanus, strychnine.

What is another common name for Acetaminophen?

Tylenol

Describe the clinical signs of Acetaminophen poisoning.

Hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia (dark colored urine), icterus, facial edema, lethargy.

What key findings would you expect on clinical pathology for Acetaminophen poisoning?

Heinz body anemia, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria.

What is the recommended therapy for Acetaminophen poisoning?

N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst).

What is the underlying cause of Acrodermatitis?

Lethal familial zinc deficiency.

Which specific breed is mentioned as being affected by a lethal familial form of Acrodermatitis?

White Bull Terriers.

Describe the clinical signs of Acrodermatitis.

Retarded growth, progressive acral hyperkeratotic dermatitis, pustular dermatitis mucocutaneous junctions.

What is the typical prognosis regarding age of death with Acrodermatitis?

2 years of age.

Describe the general presentation of an animal with Acute Abdomen Syndrome.

Acute presentation of systemic signs, abdominal pain, distended ventrodorsal weakness.

What are the major categories of underlying causes of Acute Abdomen Syndrome?

Bacterial sepsis, obstruction, perforation, ischemia, thrombosis.

What fundamental question needs to be addressed when evaluating an acute abdomen case?

Medical or surgical treatment.

Regarding septic peritonitis, what principle guides the treatment, and what procedures are involved?

Exploratory and lavage.

What is the common name for Hypoadrenocorticism?

Addison's disease.

What are the two main causes of Addison's disease mentioned?

Immune-mediated or iatrogenic adrenocortical insufficiency.

What hormones are deficient in Addison's disease?

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

In what animals is Addison's typically seen, and is there a familial predisposition in any breed?

Young to middle-aged animals, sometimes horses; predisposition in Standard Poodles.

Explain how the lack of aldosterone secretion leads to characteristic electrolyte imbalances in Addison's.

Results in impaired ability to conserve Na+ and excrete K+, leading to hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.

What is the typical Na:K ratio finding in Addison's disease?

Na:K < 25:1

Explain how hyponatremia affects the animal and can lead to prerenal azotemia.

Leads to hypotension and decreased cardiac output, causing hypovolemia and resulting in prerenal azotemia.

What clinical signs are associated with the lack of cortisol secretion in Addison's?

GI signs, lethargy, and impaired stress response.

What specific findings might be present on a CBC (complete blood count) in an animal with Addison's? What about blood glucose and calcium?

Normocytic normochromic anemia, absolute eosinophilia, hypoglycemia (due to decreased glucose production), hypercalcemia.

What are some differential diagnoses that should be considered for Addison's?

Whipworm infection, renal failure, acute pancreatitis, toxin.

What is the definitive diagnostic test for Addison's Disease?

ACTH stimulation test.

Describe the treatment approach for Addison's, including initial stabilization and long-term medication options.

Fluid replacement, electrolyte assessment; prednisone (glucocorticoid), DOCP or Florinef (mineralocorticoid).

What are the two main parts of the adrenal gland?

Cortex and medulla.

Regarding the adrenal cortex, name the three zones and the primary type of steroid hormone secreted by each.

1. Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoid 2. Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids 3. Zona reticularis - sex steroids.

What is the function of accessory cortical tissue sometimes seen in older dogs?

Small nodules that are nonfunctional and normal.

Regarding the adrenal medulla, what is its origin, and what hormones does it secrete? What is its role in the body?

Modified sympathetic system ganglion; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine; important role in responding to stress or hypoglycemia.

What is the name for a tumor of the adrenal medulla, and what hormones might it secrete?

Pheochromocytoma; epinephrine or norepinephrine.

Explain the primary function of mineralocorticoids, specifically aldosterone. How does aldosterone affect electrolyte and water balance, plasma volume, and blood pressure?

Aldosterone regulates ion transport of epithelial cells, resulting in excretion of K+ and conservation of Na+. Regulates carbohydrates, protein, lipid metabolism resulting in sparing of glucose and lipolysis.

Explain the primary function of glucocorticoids. How do they affect metabolism? How do they impact inflammatory and immune responses? What negative effect do they have on wound healing?

Regulate carbohydrates, protein, lipid metabolism resulting in sparing of glucose and lipolysis; Suppresses inflammatory and immunologic responses; Can have negative effect on wound healing due to inhibition of Fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis

List the types of sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex.

Progesterone, estrogens, and androgens.

What species does Aelurostrongylus abstrusus affect, and what is its common name?

Cats; AKA cat lungworm.

Describe the life cycle of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, including the first intermediate host and examples of transport hosts.

Snail (1st host); Vector (frog, lizard, bird, rodent) for encysted larvae.

Once a cat eats a transport host with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, where do the larvae migrate and embed?

Embed in lung tissue.

Where are eggs formed, how do larvae hatch, and how are they passed out of the cat with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

Eggs form in alveolar ducts, larvae hatch, coughed up and passed in feces.

What is a characteristic morphological feature of the larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus seen in feces?

Dorsally spined tails.

What are the clinical signs of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection?

Coughing, dyspnea.

What treatment is mentioned for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

Levamisole.

What type of virus causes African Swine Fever?

Iridovirus.

Has African Swine Fever been eradicated from the Western Hemisphere?

Yes

Where does the virus of African Swine Fever replicate, and where can it be found in infected animals?

Replicates in RE cells, found in all fluids and tissues.

Is a vaccine available for African Swine Fever?

No vaccine available.

What type of animal can serve as a vector for African Swine Fever?

Ornithodoros ticks.

What is a common route of exposure for African Swine Fever?

Oronasal exposure.

Can survivors of African Swine Fever be carriers?

Lifetime carriers

List the clinical signs of African Swine Fever.

Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, eye discharge, abortion, death.

Describe the characteristic post-mortem findings of African Swine Fever, including lymphoid tissues, spleen, and body fluids.

Hemorrhage of LN, renal cortex, splenomegaly, excessive pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids.

What is the causative agent of Air Sacculitis in chickens?

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

What part of the body is affected by Air Sacculitis?

Respiratory tract of carcass

What is a major economic consequence of Air Sacculitis?

carcass condemnation

What type of exudate is typically seen with Air Sacculitis?

caseous exudate

What type of agent causes Aleutian Disease, and in what species?

Parvoviral infection of mink

What is the primary pathological process that causes Aleutian Disease?

Immune complex formation and deposition

Is a vaccine available for Aleutian Disease?

No vaccine available

How do the lymphocyte counts of most animals with Alimentary Lymphosarcoma typically present?

Normal to peripheral lymphocytes

What other common gastrointestinal condition is Alimentary Lymphosarcoma sometimes mistaken for?

Non responsive IBD

Describe the gross appearance of the lesions in Alimentary Lymphosarcoma.

can be diffuse or multilobular

How is Alimentary Lymphosarcoma definitively diagnosed?

Full thickness biopsy

How difficult is Alimentary Lymphosarcoma to treat?

very difficult to treat

What factors can cause alkalosis?

THCO, TTCO2, hypoventilation

How does the bicarbonate content of cow saliva compare to horse saliva?

Lower saliva is T H 03, horse saliva is 4 CI

What are amyloid deposits composed of, and are they easily broken down?

Betapleated sheets of AA refractory to enzymatic breakdown

What are the two major amyloid proteins, what are they composed of, and where do they originate?

AA released from hepatocytes due to infection AL composed of degraded chains produced by malignant plasma cells

How does amyloid cause disease, and what organs are most commonly affected?

Displacement of normal cells w amyloid deposits mainly liver spleen brain kidney

What specific clinical sign is mentioned as being associated with chronic anal sac disease with normal stools?

Chronic bright red blood w normal stools

In which species and at what time relative to parturition are LDA and RDA most common?

Dairy cattle, shortly after calving.

What is a primary underlying cause leading to abomasal atony in LDA and RDA cases?

Hypocalcemia

Describe the metabolic abnormalities that result from abomasal sequestration of contents in LDA/RDA.

Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia.

Which side is more commonly affected in displaced abomasum (LDA/RDA)?

Left side (LDA) is more common.

Where would you expect to find a ping on physical examination for an LDA? What about an RDA?

LDA: left side. RDA: right side.

What are common clinical signs of LDA, besides the ping?

Anorexia, decreased milk production, scant feces.

Is diarrhea a good or poor prognostic sign in LDA?

Poor prognostic sign.

What are treatment options for LDA, and what is the likelihood of recurrence with rolling?

Surgery is the primary treatment; rolling has a high recurrence rate.

What surgical methods are mentioned for correcting LDA?

Right flank omentopexy, left flank abomasopexy, and minimally invasive techniques.

What is the significant risk associated with an RDA if not treated promptly?

Progression to abomasal volvulus (AV or RAV).

In which species and stage of production is RAV typically seen?

Dairy cattle, post-parturition.

How do the clinical signs of RAV compare to LDA/RDA, and why?

More severe, due to vascular compromise and shock.

What physical exam finding is characteristic of RAV, and can it be palpable?

Distended right side; may or may not be palpable.

What is the primary treatment for RAV, and what is the prognosis?

Surgical correction; guarded to poor prognosis.

In which animals and stage of production are abomasal ulcers most common?

Calves and stressed adult cattle

How does stress contribute to abomasal ulcer formation?

It can disrupt the normal protective mechanisms of the abomasum and increase acid production.

Where do ulcers typically form in the abomasum?

Pyloric region

What are clinical signs suggestive of abomasal ulcers?

Anorexia, melena, abdominal pain, and teeth grinding (in calves).

What is a significant cause of bleeding ulcers in older cattle?

NSAID use.

Describe the difference in presentation between bleeding ulcers and perforating ulcers, especially in relation to calves?

Bleeding ulcers result in melena/anemia. Perforating ulcers result in peritonitis.

In which animals and under what conditions is abomasal impaction most common?

Older cattle, secondary to vagal nerve damage or dietary issues (e.g., coarse feed).

Besides LDA, what other conditions can cause a left-sided ping?

Rumen tympany (bloat)

Besides RDA and RAV, what other structures or conditions can cause a right-sided ping, and which of these might be palpable?

Cecal dilation/volvulus; duodenal obstruction. Cecal conditions may be palpable.

List common herd problems that cause abortion in cattle.

IBR, BVDV, Leptospirosis, Neospora

List common sporadic causes of abortion in cattle.

Listeria, Salmonella, Trueperella pyogenes.

For mycotic abortions, how do the organisms reach the uterus, when do they typically cause abortion, how is the fetus affected, and how is the placenta affected? How is this diagnosed?

Hematogenous spread; Typically late-term; Fetus has ringworm-like lesions. Placentitis. Diagnosis: culture, fungal plaques on placenta.

List other specific infectious agents mentioned as causes of abortion in cattle.

Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus, Tritrichomonas foetus.

List non-infectious causes (toxins/plants) mentioned for abortion in cattle.

Nitrates, pine needles, locoweed.

What is the most common infectious cause of abortion in horses, and when does it typically occur during gestation?

Equine Herpes Virus-1 (EHV-1); Late gestation (7-11 months).

Name another viral cause of abortion in mares mentioned. Are vaccines available for these viral causes?

Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA). Vaccines are available for both EHV-1 and EVA.

List specific bacterial species mentioned as sporadic causes of abortion in mares.

Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae