Oncology nursing

Carcinogenesis or creation of tumors is not completely ___ but there are some that are known

understood

Mesothelioma is caused by exposure to ___

asbestos

In some cases ___ like FeLV can cause tumurs

viruses

cervical cancer can be caused ___ ___

papova virus

malignant transformation is initiated by the DNA getting ___ by ___ or ___ damage

altered, rapid, irreversible

Malignant transformation becomes prolonged when DNA is stimulated by ___

agents

Factors that increase the change of cacinogenesis:

• Genetics

• trauma

• chronic inflammation

• hormones

• viruses

• diet

• immune system dysfunction

• radiation

• chemicals

Dangerous words in oncology

“Let’s watch it”

AVMA early warning signs of tumors

• Persistent abnormal swelling

• growing swelling

• non healing sores

• loss of appetite

• bleeding/discharge from any opening

• offensive odor

• difficulty eating/swallowing

• exercise intolerance

• persistent lameness/stiffness

• difficulty breathing, urinating, and defecating

HIstory for oncology includes: ___ problem, ___ signs, ___, ___/___, ___ history, ___ problems, ___ ___

primary, clinical, duration, treatment/response, past, concurrent, preventative medical

Signalment is important as it can help ___ the tumor

indicate

When doing a PE it should have details on the tumors including the ___ in cm³, ___ and ___

measurements, locations, diagrams

MDB or minimum database includes: ___, ___ ___, ___

CBC, serum chemistry, UA

DO NOT do a cystocentesis if suspecting ___ ___

bladder cancer

Ancillary diagnostics include ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___ ___

radiography, CT, MRI, cystology, nuclear scans

A metastasis check is ___ ___ ___

3 thoracic radiographs

The three thoracic radiographs used for a metastasis check is ___ ___, ___ ___ and ___ or ___

right lateral, left lateral, VD, DV

Cystology is the study of ___ ___

cell structure

Methods of cystology: ___, ___ ___, ___

FNA, bone marrow, centesis

When doing a FNAs if the tumor is surface it can be done with ___, but it is deep then ___ or ___ can be used to help

visualization, US, fluroscopy

Materials used for an FNA

• 6-12 cc syringe

• 22 g needle

• frosted glass slides

Techniques for FNA:

• Stabilize

• inserting the needle

  • ± syringe then ± aspiration

• redirect needle, don’t exit several thrusts and spin the needle

• remove needle

• discharge contents onto slide

• smear contents with a second clean slide

Bone marrow aspiration allows for a ___ ___

cellular evaluation

Materials used for a bone marrow aspiration: ___ ___ ___, ___, and ___

bone marrow needle, syringe, slides

Techniques for bone marrow aspiration:

• surgical prep over site generously

• BIG needle insertion into the medullary cavity

• attach syringe

• asiprate

• drop onto slide

• smear

Histopathology is the study of ___ ___, but it isn’t an exact ___

tissue architecture, exact science

Biopsies dictate: ___, ___, ___ and ___

diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, decisions

Biopsy needle has a ___ ___ like in TruCut needle or bone biopsy needle

needle core

Biopsy methods: ___ and ___

incisional, excisional

Incisional biopsy is a ___ ___ ___ or a ___

small tissue wedge, punch

An excisional biopsy is a ___ ___, with adequate ___ and ___ is the cure

complete removal, margins, surgery

Biopsy sample prep is gentle ___ to preserve architecture, ___ excisional margins with suture or paint, ___ ___, ___, and ___ ___

handling, marking, specimen size, preservation, sample quality

For the preservation of a biopsy: it uses ___ ___ ___ ___, not formaldehyde, and the volume to tissue ratio is initially: ___:___, and after fixation ___;___

10% buffered neutral formalin, 10:1, 1:1

Sample submission should have information: ___/___, ___, ___, ___, ___ ___, ___ ___, need for ___ ___, and ___ ___

clinic/Dr, Owner, animal, Hx, biopsy site, suspected diagnosis, margin analysis, histoogic grade

Client communication: ___ ___ like the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy options at an ___ ___ with both verbal and handouts

required information, understandable level

Treatments options for tumors: ___, ___, ___ and ___

surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, combination

Sx is the treatment of choice for a ___ area as it can be ___

local, curative

Limitations of Sx treatment can cause ___ to other tissue, doesn’t cause ___ ___, the ___, and if the Sx would be ___

trauma, systemic spread, diagnosis, pallative

Sx for tumors should be ___. It can be ___, ___ or ___

aggressiv, marginal, wide, radical

When the Sx is perform it is imperitive to ___ the ___

avoid the tumor

The technicians role in tumor Sx is the: ___ ___, ___, ___ ___, and ___

presurgical evaluation, prep, anesthetic protocol, recovery

Chemotherapy is treatment with ___

chemicals

Chemotherapy is ___ used for cancer, and is for the ___ ___

primarily, whole body

indications for chemotherapy: certain ___, ___ ___, ___ ___, if it is the only ___

tumors, post surgical, option

Certain tumors are better handled by chemotherapy like ___ or ___ ___ ___

lymphoma, transmissible venereal tumor

Post surgical chemotherapy is done to prevent ___, and inhibit ___ ___

metastasis, local regrowth

Chemotherapy agents are ___

cytotoxic

Chemotherapy cytotoxic agents can disrupt ___ in normals cells or rapidly dividing cells and disrupt ___ ___

DNA, cell membrane

Dosing for chemotherapy is done with ___ ___ which are ___ and the ___ should be balanced

multiple drugs, synergistic, balanced toxicity

chemotherapy is dosed by ___ ___ ( ___)

surface area, m²

The timing for chemotherapy is because it is toxic to ___ ___, leading to decreased ___ which causes nadir

bone marrow, neutrophils

The interval for chemotherapy allows for ___ ___ ___

bone marrow recovery

Some chemotherapy agents can cause ___ ___ usually about ___-___ after

leukopenia nadir, 7-14 d

After chemotherapy the patient may have ___ ___, depending on the drug and when it was given

systemic toxicity

Risks for chemotherapy: ___, and ___

interactions, OSHA

Different interations with chemotherapy: ___ is with a developing fetus, ___ which is a chromosome injury, and ___

teratogen, mutagen, carcinogen

OSHA requires ___ when interacting with chemotherapy agents especially with ___, ___, and ___

protection, handling, mixing, administration

Also OSHA states those who are ___ or desire it shouldn’t handle chemotherapy drugs or waste

pregnant

Storage of chemotherapy drugs: they should have ___ ___, be protected from ___, and ___, with designated areas and individual bag

clear labeling, falling, refrigeration

When reconstituting chemotherapy drugs, it should be ___ without a ___, no ___/___ nearby, and in a ___ ___ ___

isolated, draft, eating/drinking, biologic safety cabinet

PPE for chemotherapy drugs:

• face mask

• respirator mask

• chemo gloves

• biologi safety cabinet

• Luer-Lok syringes: careful with air expulsion

• administration: butterfly infusion, or IV catheter

• contaminated materials: should be separated baggin, and disposed in biohazard

Waste from animals treated with chemotherapy are ___, for about ___, and avoid ___ using gloves, disposable products, no spraying, and elimination in play areas

toxic, 72 hours, exposure

Monitor the patient post administration of chemotherapy due to ___

toxicity

Clients need to be educated if their pet is receiving to chemotherapy about the ___ ___

toxic effects

Radiotherapy is ___ ___, which disrupts ___ from rapidly dividing, and prevents ___ ___ ___

ionizing radiation, DNA, lethal molecular changes

Radiotherapy is used for ___ disease not systemic

localized

There are different ___ for radiotherapy like ___ or ___ ___

regimens, solitary, adjunctive therapy

dosing radiotherapy can be in mulitple ___ or ratios, and is measured in ___

fractions, gray

Adverse acute effects of radiotherapy: latter stages of therapy includes ___, ___ ___, and ___

mucositis, desquamative dermatitis, hair loss

Delayed adverse effects of radiotherapy can be months to years: ___ or ___

necrosis, fibrosis

Euthanasia is sometimes the best option especially with the ___ of tumor, or depends on the ___

type, client

As medical providers when a client decides to euthanize be ___-___ and ___

non-judgemental, compassionate

Cancer occurs from ___-___ after ___ years old and if it is ___ it is lifethreatening

40-50%, 10, malignant

The therapy rationale depends on the ___ of the owner, and ___ ___

willingness, medical advances

The technician’s role is ___ ___

basic knowledge

Basic knowledge for cancer includes: ___ ___, ___ ___ ___, and ___ ___

case management, quality patient care, client support

Oncology is the study of ___ or uncontrolled cell growth of any cell type

cancer

Clinical effects: local changes include ___ ___, from cell transformation or invasion, ___ ___, ___, ___ and ___

tissue destruction, impaired function, pain, inflammation, infection

Systemic changes clinical signs: ___, ___ ___ which conditions secondary to the cancer appear or the products from the tumor

infection, paraneoplastic syndrome

Terminology in oncology:

• tumor

• mass, neoplasia

• growth

• bump/lump

• malignancy

• swelling

Classification withing oncology : ___, ___, ___ of ___, ___, and ___

benign, malignant, tissue of origin, grade, stage

Benign tumors have ___ ___ but isn’t ___ and doesn’t ___

abnormal growth, destructive, metastasis

physical effects of benign tumors: ___ to ___, but may impair based on the ___ or ___

little, none, location, size

malignant tumors have ___ ___, which causes ___ ___, and can ___ creating secondary location

uncontrolled growth, tissue destruction, metastasis

Physical effects of malignant tumors is dependent on the type: ___ ___, ___ of ___, or ___

expansive growth, loss of function, death

The mechanism of metastasis is primary site ___, gets carries into the ___ or ___ supply, ___ in capillary beds, ___ and then a ___ site ___

proliferates, blood, lymphatic, arrest, extravasation, secondary, proliferation

Carcinomas are of ___ cells of the ___, ___ and ___

epithelial, skin, glands, organs

Method of spreading carcinoma is___ or ___, into ___ ___ or ___,

blood, lymphatic, lymph nodes, locally

Sarcoma tumors occur in ___ cells

mesenchymal

Mesenchymal can transition into: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___

connective, muscle, lymphoid, pericardium, peritoneum, pleural, kidney, gonads

Method of sarcoma spread includes: ___ which causes ___ ___, and ___ which is less common

blood, pulmonary metastasis, lymphatic

The root of tumor name is the ___ of ___

tissue of orgin

Suffixes of a tumor name depends on the ___ of the tumor

behavior

The suffix -oma means a ___ tumor

benign

The suffix -sarcoma indicates ___ ___

malignant tumors

The suffix -carcinoma indicates ___ ___

malignant tumor

Malignant tumors suffixes: -___, -___

sarcoma, carcinoma

Exceptions to suffixes: ___, ___, and ___

melanoma, insulinoma, thymoma

Grading of a tumor is by a ___ who is for ___ medicine and is ___

histopathologist, veterinary, experienced

The purpose of grading is to understand ___ or ___

behavior, prognosis