Chapter 6 Cardiovascular System

cardiovascular system

the heart, blood and circulatory system which consists of a complex network of arteries, veins, and capillaries

epicardium

outer lining of the heart

myocardium

middle layer of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

pericardium or pericardial sac

a fibrous membrane that encloses the heart

angi/o

vessel

vas/o

vessel

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

ather/o

thick, fatty

atri/o

atria

cardi/o

heart

coron/o

heart

electr/o

electricity

hem/o

blood

hemat/o

blood

phleb/o

vein

ven/o

vein

thromb/o

thrombus (clot)

valv/o

valve

valvul/o

valve

vascul/o

blood vessel

ventricul/o

ventricle

AF, A-fib

atrial fibrillation

ASHD

arteriosclerotic heart disease

AV, A-V

atrioventricular

BP

blood pressure

bpm

beats per minute

CABG

coronary artery bypass graft

CAD

coronary artery disease

CCu

coronary care unit

CHF

congestive heart failure

CP

chest pain

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CV

cardiovascular

DVT

deep vein thrombosis

ECG, EKG

electrocardiogram

ECHO

echocardiogram

HF

heart failure

HTN

hypertension (high blood pressure0

ICU

intensive care unit

INR

international normalized ratio

LA

left atrium

LV

left ventricle

MI

myocardial infarction

MR

mitral regurgitation

MS

mitral stenosis

MVP

mitral valve prolapse

P

pulse

PAC

premature atrial contraction

PT

prothrombin time

PTCA

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

PTT

partial thromboplastin time

PVC

premature ventricular contraction

RA

right atrium

RBC

red blood cell

ROM

range of motion

RV

right ventricle

V-fib

ventricular fibrillation

VT, V-tach

ventricular tachycardia

VTE

venos throboembolism

bid, b.i.d.

two times a day

tid, t.i.d.

three times a day

qid, q.i.d.

four times a day

qh

quarter hour

q2h

every 2 hours

qhs

each evening (hour of sleep)

qam

each morning

anemia

group of disorders generally defined as a reduction in the mass of circulating red blood cells

aneurysm

weaking and bulging of part of a vessel wall

angina

heart pain or other discomfort felt in the chest, shoulders, arms, jaw, or neck, caused by insufficient blood and oxygen to the heart; usually a symptom of heart disease

arrhythmia

loss of heart rhythm (rhythmic irregularity)

arteriosclerosis

thickening, loss of elasticity, and loss of contractility of arterial walls, commonly called hardening of the arteries

atrial fibrillation (AF, A-fib)

common irregular heart rhythm arked by uncontrolled atrial quivering and a rapid ventricular response

bruit

soft blowing sound caused by turbulent blood flow in a vessel

cardiac tamponade

serious condition in which the heart becomes compressed from an excessive collection of fluid or blood between the pericardial membrane and the heart

cardiomyopathy

group of conditions in which the heart muscle has deteriorated and functions less effectively

congestive heart failure (CHF)

inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body, resulting in lung congestion and dyspnea

cor pulmonale

condition of the right ventricular enlargement or dilation from increased right ventricular pressure; also called pulmonary heart disease or right-sided heart failure

coronary heart disease

narrowing of the lumen, or inner open space of a vessel, of heart arteries due to arteriorsclerosis and atherosclerosis

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

development of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs; also known as thrombophlebitis

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

serious condition that arises as a complication of another disorder, in which widespread, unrestricted microvascular blood clotting occurs; primary symptom is hemorrhage

embolus

undissolved matter floating in blood or lymph fluid that may cause an occlusion and infarction

endocarditis

infection of the inner lining of the heart that may cause vegetations to form within one or more of heart chambers or valves

fibrillation

quivering of the heart muscle fibers instead of an effective heartbeat

hypertension

blood pressure that is consistently higher than 140 systolic, 90 diastolic, or both

ischemia

temporary reduction in blood supply to a localized area of tissue

malignant hypertension

rare, life-threatening type of hypertension evidenced by optic-nerve (eye) edema and extremely high systolic and diastolic blood pressure

mitral regurgitation

condition in which the mitral valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium; also called mitral insufficiency or mitral incompetence

mitral stenosis

consition in which the mitral valve fails to open properly, thereby impeding normal blood flow and increasing pressure within the left atrium and lungs

murmur

blowing or swishing asound in the heart, due to turbulent blood flow or backflow through a leaky valve

myocardial infarction (MI)

death of heart-muscle cells due to occlusion of a vessel; commonly called heart attack

myocarditis

condition in which the middle layer of the heart wall becomes inflamed

pericarditis

acute or chronic condition in which the fibrous membrane surrounding the heart becomes inflamed

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

condition of partial or complete obstruction of the arteries of the arms or legs; similar to peripheral vascular disease (PVD), which includes both arteries and veins

polycythemia vera

chronic disorder marked by increased number and mass of all bone marrow cells, especially RBC's, which increase blood viscosity and a tendency to develop blood clots

Raynaud disease

disorder that affects blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears, and nose, marked by vessel constriction and blood flow in response to triggers such as cold temperature

rheumatic heart disease

complication of rheumatic fever in which inflammation and damage occur to parts of the heart, usually the valves

shock

syndrome of inadequate perfusion (circulation of blood, nutrients, and oxygen though tissues and organs) as a result of hypotension or low blood pressure

thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO)

type of vascular disease associated with tobacco use, marked by inflammation and clot formation within small vessels of the hands and feet, which may lead to gangrene and surgical amputation; sometimes called Buerger disease