Neuro ch 5 sadness

Malcolm Myatt become ______ and ______ of body became ____

clumsy, left side, weak

myatt became

• clumsy

  • left side of body became weak

early symptoms of stroke

stroke happens when ________ to the brain is disrupted usually due to blood clot blocking vessel

blood flow

t or f strokesdeprive brain ofblood and neurons start to die

t

t or f most of your movement is in the oppositeside of the brain comparedto where itsperformed

t

myatts stroke affected

right frontal brain, lostfunction of his left arm, issues with short to memory

most important affect of myatt’s stroke

couldn’t feel sadness (gaining the name mr happy)

t or f they really couldn’t tell if myatt living without sadness was a goodor bad thing

t

t or f sadness doesn’tfeel the same every time you experience it

t

frontal lobe

near the front

parietallobe

along the skull (bone that forms sides and top of skull)

temporal lobe

near temple

occipital lobe

near the back

occiput

back of the skull

limbus in latin

border

broca/ willis named the new lobe

limbic region or great limbic lobe

broca called it great limbic lobe because

it comprosied parts of severallobes

limbic lobe

C-shaped region of the brain vital for emotions, memory, and motivation

limbic lobe

broca linked limbic lobe with primitive forms of _________, _____ seeking and ____ avoiding

behavior, pleasure, pain

animals don’t have the same type of ___________ as humans, making the _________ stand out

impulse control,limbic lobe 

t or f limbic lobe is assosciated with passions and appetities

t

Papez circuit

MacLean combining Broca and papez discoveries about “emotion circuit”

MacLean began calling the papez circuit the

limbic system

t or in the 20th century the limbic system became insperarable from emotion

t

t or f recently the idea that the limbic system processed all emotion fell out of favor

t

one reason that the idea that the limbic system processed all emotion fell out of favor is

other parts of brain deal with emotion

hippocampus is now morelinked with ______ rather thann_________ as it is techiniquely in the limbic system

memory, emotion

cingulate cortex

region that plays a vital role in emotional and cognitive functions

corpus callosum

arc of nerves around inner structures

t or f the cingulate cortex has been linked to emotion since papez circuit

t

subgenual cingulate cortex (SCC)

sadness center

SCC was shown active when people

think about sad events, people or are depressed

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

melancholic through day, lose interest in previously enjoyed things, sleep problems, hopelessness, guilt, and suicidal thoughts

depressed patients make up about ___% of suicides

60

those who survive depression are likely to develop

chronic diseases like diabetes or artery disease

average life span of depressed patient is 

25-30 years shorter

acordding to some studies, depression can be just as dangerous as

smoking

t or f biref periods of sadness are normal and considered healthy

t

t or f though depression is deadly in some cases most aren’t reushnig for a solution

t

activity in SCC is _________ in depression and _______ again after _____

elevated, decrease, antidepressants

t or f structural abnormalities have been found in the SCC in those with depressed, specifically with family history in mood disorders

t

deep brain stimulation

surgical intervention: device that emits electrical impulses into the brain (is thought to disrupt brain activity causing disorders to occur)

Deep brain stimulation isn’t approved by FDA for _________ but is for _________ and _________

depression, parkinson’s, epilepsy

treatment resistant patients

severly depressed patients who have failed to respond to traditional treatments

10% of patients experience a _____ in symptoms, while 3-4% go into _________ (for depression)

decrease, remission

when DBS was used on treatment resistant patients almost ____% got relief while ____% went into remission

40,26

t or f DBS is usually performed when patient is asleep

F

patient is kept awake during DBS

allows surgeon to implant electrode in brain and see how patient reacts, if it doesn’t work they can move it

DBS stimulating SCC called

depression switch (effects are just that drastic)

nucleus accumbens `

role in rewarding experiences

t or f nucleus accumbens has potential of treating depression too

t

SCC is most likely connected with

amygdala, hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, brainstem, nucleus accumbens

_________ is just as effective as therapy or medication to treat depression

moderate exercise

SCC can disrupt parts like amygdala creating

anxiety

ventral tegmental area

involved in motivation and reward

serotonin is a _______ linked to mood

neurotransmitter

serotonin hypothesis

low levelsof serotonin lead to depression

iproniazid was originallyfound for ___________ but actually treats depression

tuberculosis

iproniazid inhibts monoamine oxidase which usually breaks down ______ and __________

serotonin, norepinephrine

monoamines

compounds that include the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

inhibits enzyme that removes serotonin and norepinephrine from brain making levels increase

hypothesized that depression is caused by

a deficiency of neurotransmitters like serotonin

Fluoxetine/Prozac was the first pyschiatric drug that was designed to affect

the brain in a specific way

reuptake

transporter attracts excess neurotransmitters and transports them back into the neuron that released them

serotonin transporter responsible for

the reuptake of serotonin

Prozac was approved by FDA in 1987 but became the ___________ drug in the world in 1994

2nd best selling

Prozac is a

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

by 2005 over ____% was on an antidepressant

10

serotonin was known as the

happiness neurotransmitter

serotonin hypothesis may not be fully full proof as

it takes 3-4 weeks for antidepressants to work, some studies say they don’t work better than placebos

its hypothesized that depression involves a high ______ response / high production in _______

stress, cortisol

t or f the brain can be damaged by coritosol which is released when depressed meaning when an antidepressant is used it is fixing the damaged areas first explaining the time gap

t

inflammation

general immune system response that occurs after your body has been exposed to any number of harmful things

it is hypothesized that depression is linked to

inflammation

chronic / systemic inflammation

inflammatory response can spread beyond one site

it is thought that _______ can bring on inflammation which can bring on depression

infection

t or f coffee reduces risk of depression

t

t or f there is a link between poor sleep and depression

t

t or f depression will not be explained by 1 hypothesis and 1 mechanism

t

suicide rates have risen ___% since 1999

30