Physiology - Chapter 2

Are neutrons neutral particles that are located within the nucleus of an atom? True of false

True

Triglycerides are constructed from a glycerol and three \_____.

fatty acids

A lipid which contains a phosphate group is called a \______.

phospholipid

An organic molecule that is nonpolar and does not dissolve readily in water is classified as a \_________.

lipid

A(n) \_____________ is a subcategory of lipids that contains one glycerol bound to three molecules of fatty acids.

triglycerol

\_______________________ are lipids that contain a phosphate group.

Phospholipids

The purines include the bases of guanine and \___________.

adenine

1. Fats that are solid at room temperature and often produced artificially are called:

trans fat

2. What makes fat unsaturated vs saturated?

Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond.

3. The recommended percentage of fat intake should not exceed what percentage of the total energy intake per day?

30%

1. Scientific evidence has shown that consuming excess \___________ may increase the risk for coronary artery disease.

coconut oil

2. Which of the following would contain unsaturated fat?

Nuts

3. Which fat has a straight chain pattern instead of a saw tooth pattern?

Saturated fats

The most abundant molecule in the body is \________.

H2O

5. The body's most prefered source of energy is \____________________.

D-glucose

3. How does the body know to increase ketone body production?

Increased hydrolysis of stored fat

1. Robert bought foods that were low in cholesterol. Why then, was his total cholesterol high?

Saturated and trans fat increase total cholesterol

2. Why might statin drugs be prescribed?

Statins lower blood levels of LDLs and raise HDLs.

The organic molecules that comprise the majority of broccoli could be accurately described as \__________.

polysaccharides or cellulose

The food molecules absorbed from the intestine are generally \__________.

monomers derived from polymers in the food

The bond between adjacent amino acids is a(n) \__________.

peptide and covalent bond

When forming a semisolid gel such as gelatin, what type of molecule does the process of protein coagulation entrap?

Water

The two strands of the double-helix structure of DNA are held together by \__________ bonds between complementary bases in each strand.

hydrogen

A 20-year-old female decides to eliminate all sources of fat and cholesterol from her diet in an effort to prevent heart disease. Her total energy intake is enough to prevent hydrolysis of triglycerides from adipose tissue. Which of the following are potential consequences of this diet over time? (Check all that apply.)
Disturbances in menstrual function
Slowed recovery from injury or infection
Ketosis
Increased LDL levels
Decreased antibody production

Disturbances in menstrual function, Ketosis, and increased LDL levels

Do proteins carry oxygen in the blood?

True

Do proteins transport lipids in the blood?

False

Do proteins serve as receptors for specific regulator molecules?

True

Do proteins form micelles that face aqueous environments?

False

Are proteins converted by the liver into ketone bodies?

False

Do proteins include enzymes and antibodies that play a role in specificity of structure?

True

Most of the water found in the body is in the \________.

intracellular fluid compartment

An atom with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons would have a net charge of \________.

-1

Hydrophobic molecules would contain \________ bonds.

nonpolar covalent

Surface tension between water molecules occurs because adjacent water molecules form \________ bonds with each other.

hydrogen

The pH of a solution increases as the \________ ion concentration decreases.

hydrogen

In order to maintain proper health, total dietary fat intake should not exceed \________ calories for a 2000 calorie diet.

600

Phospholipid molecules will form aggregates called \________ when placed in water.

micelles

Molecules with the same ratio of atoms, but different arrangements of atoms, are known as \________.

structural isomers

Which of the following describes a trans-fat?

Has carbon-carbon double bonds with hydrogens on opposite sides of the bonds

Which of the following is false regarding unsaturated fatty acids?
They can be formed from nuts and other plants.
They are found in cooking oil rather than a stick of butter.Incorrect
All of their hydrogen ions are occupied in double bonds.
Correct
They contain one or more double bonds.

All of their hydrogen ions are occupied in double bonds.

A protein that is combined with another type of molecule , such as a carbohydrate, becomes \________.

conjugated

What holds a protein in its tertiary structure?

Both weak chemical bonds between widely spaced amino acids and disulfide bonds between sulfur groups on cysteines are correct.

Keratin and collagen are considered \________ proteins.

Both structural and fibrous are correct.

How many amino acids are present for a polypeptide chain to be called a protein?

100

Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA?
They have different sugars.
DNA has thymine, while RNA has uracil.
They both can leave the nucleus to perform their functions.Correct
RNA is a single strand, while DNA is a double strand.

They both can leave the nucleus to perform their functions.

The nitrogenous base adenine is a \________.

purine

The backbone of a DNA molecule is a chain of \________.

alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

Which of the following is NOT a function of a purine-containing nucleotide?
Energy carrier
HormoneCorrect
Neurotransmitter
Coenzymes

Hormone

\__________ are atoms of the same element, but with different number of neutrons

Isotopes

\________ bonds are responsible for surface tension and capillarity

Hydrogen

What are the two components of a buffer?
Bicarbonate neutralized excess \____
Carbonic acid neutralizes excess \_____

A weak acid and a weak base
acid, base

Carbohydrates are organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _:_:_:_ ratio

1:2:1

\_____ is plant storage of sugar; composed of thousands of glucose molecules
\_______ is sugar storage in an animal cell; similar to starch but more highly branched
\______ makes up cell walls of plants; cellulose is not digestible by humans
\________ forms exoskeleton of arthropods; similar to cellulose but with amine groups in the glucose subunits

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

Covalent bonds that hold monosaccharides together are formed via \______________ \_____________ where a hydrogen atom is removed from one molecule, and a hydroxyl group is removed from another to form water.

\__________ breaks bonds between monosaccharides; add water and split the molecule

dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis

Lipids consist of nonpolar \______________ chains and rings that makes them hydrophobic (insolube in water)

hydrocarbon

Lipids
What are triglycerides composed of?

One molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids

Lipids
What are fatty acids composed of?

Long, nonpolar hydrocarbon with a carbonyl (COOH) at one end

Lipids
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

Saturated: shares a single pair of electrons

Unsaturated: double bonds

\_______ \__________ are hydrolysis of triglycerides forms free fatty acids in the blood. These can be used for energy or converted into \__________ \__________ by the liver.

Ketone bodies, ketone bodies

As \____________, phospholipids can act as surfactants. The polar nature of the molecule decreases the surface tension of water.

micelles

What is composed of steroids?

3 six-carbon rings + 1 five-carbon ring + functional groups

\_______________ is a type of fatty acid with a cyclic hydrocarbon group. Serve as regulatory molecules between cells in the same organ.

Prostaglandins

Nitrogenous bases fall into two categories which are?

Pyrimidine: a single carob ring + nitrogen
Purine: 1 carbon rings + nitrogen

Examples of pyrimidines and purines?

Pyrimidine: cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Purine: guanine and adenine

ATP and GTP are \_______ \_________, cAMP are for \___________, and NAD and FAD are \________________,

energy carriers, regulation, co-enzymes