Cell Biology and Microscopy Review

Flashcards to review key concepts in cell biology and microscopy as covered in the lecture.

Cell Theory

A fundamental theory stating that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arise from pre-existing cells, and the cell is the basic unit of life.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles; they are typically smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; they are typically larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

Cell Membrane

The protective barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, composed mainly of phospholipids and proteins.

Cytoplasm

The material within a cell, excluding the nucleus, containing various organelles and structures where biochemical processes occur.

Organelles

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and coordinates cell activities.

Ribosomes

Molecular machines in cells responsible for protein synthesis, made of ribosomal RNA and proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; can be rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes).

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport within the cell or for secretion.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Microfilaments

The thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton, made of actin, and involved in cell movement and shape.

Microtubules

Thick, hollow tubes that make up part of the cytoskeleton and are involved in movement and as tracks for organelle transport.

Cilia

Short, hair-like structures that protrude from the surface of some eukaryotic cells and are used for locomotion or to move fluids.

Flagella

Long, whip-like structures used for locomotion in some eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Cell Fractionation

A laboratory technique used to separate cellular components based on their size and density.

Endosymbiosis Theory

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as separate prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Extracellular Matrix

A complex network of proteins and carbohydrates found outside the cell membrane that provides structural and biochemical support.

Turgor Pressure

The pressure exerted by the fluid in a plant cell's vacuole that helps maintain cell structure and rigidity.