exam 3 Biology 5

Skeletal system,

which two types of connective tissue make up the skeletal system?

bone and cartilage

which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal?

producing hormones

the vertebrae protect which structure?

the spinal cord

what is the shaft of a long bone called?

diaphysis

the medullary cavity is

located in the diaphysis and contains yellow bone marrow

yellow bone marrow primarily functions to

store fat

where is red bone marrow found?

in the spongy bone of the epiphysis

the expanded ends of a long bone are called

epiphyses

the metaphysis contains the

epiphyseal plate

the epiphyseal plate is important for

bone growth

the connective tissue covering that continues with ligaments and tendons is the

periosteum

what are the tubular units that make up compact bone called?

osteons

bone cells are known as

osteocytes

osteocytes lie in tiny chambers called

lacunae

how do osteocytes exchange nutrients and wastes?

through gap junctions

the thin plates found in spongy bone are called

trabeculae

spongy bone is designed for

strength and lighter weight

cartilage cells are called

chondrocytes

why does cartilage heal slowly?

it has no nerves or blood vessels

which type of cartilage s found at the ends of long bones, nose, and trachea?

hyaline cartilage

which type of cartilage is the least flexible?

fibrocartilage

which type of cartilage contains thick collagen fibers and is found in intervertebral disks?

fibrocartilage

which type of cartilage is the most flexible and found in ear flaps and the epiglottis?

elastic cartilage

ligaments are made of

fibrous connective tissue

ligaments connect

bone to bone

tendons connect

muscle to bone

tendons are also called

attachments at a joint

what cells make up fibrous connective tissue?

fibroblasts

how many bones are in the human skeleton?

206

the axial skeleton consists of all EXCEPT

limb bones

the axial skeleton is located

at the midline of the body

adults have how many cranium bones?

8

at what age do the cranium bones close in humans?

16 months

the foramen magnum is

a hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

what does “foramen” mean?

hole

the external auditory canal is found in which bone?

temporal bone

which bone completes the sides of the skull and contributes to forming the orbits?

sphenoid bone

the ethmoid bone helps form

both the orbits and the nasal septum

which is the only movable bone in the skull?

mandible

sinuses are

air spaces lined with mucous membrane

which are functions of sinuses?

reduce the weight of the skull and give resonant sound to the voice

the zygomatic bones are also known as

cheek bones

the maxillae

form the upper jaw and a portion of the orbits

the hyoid bone s unique because it

does not articulate with another bone

the hyoid bone functions to

anchor the tongue and attach swallowing muscles

how many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

33

the vertebral column has how may curvatures?

4

the curvatures of the spine provide

more strength for upright posture

the vertebral canal contains

the spinal cord

the intervertebral foramen are

openings on each side through which spinal nerves travel

spinal nerves control

skeletal muscle contraction, among other things

the bony projections along the midline of the back are called

spinous processes

transverse processes

extend laterally

both spinous and transverse processes serve as

attachment sites for muscles

cervical vertebrae are located in the

neck

the first cervical vertebra (C1) is called the

atlas

the atlas functions to

hold up the head

the second cervical vertebra (C2) is called the

axis

the axis allows us to

shack the head “no”

intervertebral disks are composed of

fibrocartilage

functions of intervertebral disks include all EXCEPT

producing spinal fluid

intervertebral disks absorb shock from activities such as

running, jumping, and walking

which of the following lists all the components of the thoracic cage (rib cage)

the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and their cartilages, and the sternum

a patient has fracture to one of their “floating ribs”. based on your knowledge of anatomy, which ribs are these?

ribs 111 and 12

what is the key difference between a true rib and a false rib?

true ribs have a direct cartilaginous connection to the sternum, while false ribs do not

what are the two bones that make up the pectoral girdle?

the scapula and the clavicle

if you touch the “thumb side” of your wrist, which bone are you closest to?

the radius

how many phalanges are found in a normal, complete human hand (including the thumb)

14

a forensic anthropologist finds an adult hip bone. they can identify it as a single, fused bone called the

coxal bone

which of the following is a characteristic that helps distinguish a female pelvis from a male pelvis?

the female iliac bones are more flared

which bone is located in the thigh?

femur

joints are classified into three main structural categories. which category is characterized as being freely movable and includes the hip and shoulder joints?

synovial joints

the knee joint contains C-shaped pieces of fibrocartilage that provide stability and absorb shock. what are these structures called?

menisci

which type of synovial joint allows for movement in multiple planes, including rotational movement?

ball-and-socket joint

during a workout, you create a small crack in the bone of your upper arm. days later, which type of cell is working to build new bone tissue to repair the damage?

osteoblasts

if blood calcium levels drop too low, the body needs to bring it back to normal. how is this primarily achieved?

parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts to break down been and release calcium

a patient is diagnose with osteoporosis. their doctor explains that a hormone which normally helps increase the number of osteoblasts has decreased. which hormone is most likely being discussed?

estrogen

a hematologists is a doctor who studies blood. they would be very interested in the red bone marrow because it is the site of:

blood cell production

which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a head-on collision?

protection

this type of bone tissue can be found on the ends of long bones:

spongy bone

this type of bone tissue surrounds the medullary cavity

compact bone

in the word “osteocyte” “oste” means

bone

in the word “osteocyte” “cyte” means

cell

which bone cells are the “builders” that lay down minerals and shape the bone?

osteoblasts

which bone cells secrete a destructive acid to break down bone?

osteoclasts

babies contain much more hyaline cartilage than adults. this cartilage eventually:

turns into bone through ossification

the axial skeleton is responsible for protecting the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

true

the sacrum is connected to which section of the vertebral column?

lumbar

the hyoid bone is the only bone that does not form an articulation with any other bone

true

which two types of connective tissue make up the skeletal systems

bone and cartilage

what connects bones to bones

ligaments

which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

producing hormones

the shaft of a long bone made of compact bone is called the

diaphysis

the ends of long bones made of spongy bone containing red bone marrow, are called the

epiphysis

the connective tissue covering that surrounds all bones and continues with ligaments and tendons is the

periosteum

compact bone is organized into tubular units called

osteons

spongy bone contains numerous thin plates called

trabeculae

which type of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones, nose, ends of ribs, and trachea?

hyaline cartilage

which type of cartilage is found in the disks between vertebrae and in the knee?

fibrocartilage

which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a head-on collision?

protection