COMM 111 Final

Artistic Proofs

Ethos

Ethos

Name used by Aristotle for what students refer to as credibility.

Types Of Ethos

1. Prior (Before/Reputation)

Ethos Parts

1. Good Character

Good Character

Trustworthiness

Common Sense

Competence

Goodwill

Friendliness

Dynamism

Charisma

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

Factors of Credibility

Competence and Characters are the 2 factors influencing a speaker's credibility.

Types of Credibility

Initial/Derived/Terminal Credibility.

Initial Credibility

The credibility of the speaker before she or her starts to speak.

Derived

The credibility of the speaker during the speech

Terminal

The credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Logos

Name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker.

Logos Elements

Evidence and Reasoning are 2 main elements of ______.

Types of Reasoning

1. Deductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning that moves from General to Specific.

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning that constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples.

Causal Reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between cause and effect.

Analogical Reasoning

reasoning that compares two similar cases and uses the similarities to gain understanding of the new concept.

Pathos

Name used by Aristotle for what students refer to as emotional appeal.

Pathos Establishments

1. Uses of languages

Increasing Emotional Appeal

1. Emotional Language

Dimensions of emotional responses

1. Pleasure/displeasure

Question of Fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Question of Value

A question about the worth

Question of Policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Persuasive speaking organizational patterns

1. Problem-Solution

Problem-Solution

First point: identifies a problem

Refutation:

First point: Identify problems

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Method of organizing persuasive speeches to get immediate action.

Different Types of Audiences

1. Receptive

Receptive

the audience that is interested in what you have to say and may agree with you.

Unreceptive

The audience that already has their own beliefs and ideas to where their position is opposite to your own.

Neutral Audience

The audience that is open to new ideas and has no strong feelings to your opinions.

Types of Evidence

1. Facts

Unreceptive Audience Persuasion

1. Being with areas of agreement

Degrees of Persuasion

1. Strongly Opposed

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

1. Attention

Maslow's Needs

1. Physiological

Burden of Proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Persuasive Speech Purpose Statement

The process of creating

Purpose of Special Occasion Speeches

They aim the special needs for special occasions.

Special Occasion Speeches

Speech Of Introduction

Speech of Introduction

A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.

Speech of Acceptance

A speech that gives thanks for a gift

Acceptance Speech

A speech that gives thanks for a gift

Commemorative Speech

A speech that pays tribute to a person

Connotative

The suggesting of additional meanings by a word or expression

Denotative

The most specific or direct meaning of a word

Fallacy

An error in reasoning.

Fallacies

1. Hasty Generalization

Red Herring

Something that introduces an irrelevant issue and diverts attention away from the subject under discussion.

Ad Hominem

It is when you attack the person rather than dealing with the issue in dispute.

Either/or

When they present only two options while more than two options exist.

Bandwagon

Assumes that because something is popular that it is good/correct/desirable.

Slippery Slope

it assumes that taking the first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be avoided.

Hasty Generalization

Jumping to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

False Cause

Mistakenly assume that because one event follows another

Invalid Analogy

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not alike.

Imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects

Rhythm

the pattern of sound in a speech

Parallelism

similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words

Repetition

repeating of the word or set of words

Alliteration

repetition of the initial constant sound of close or adjoining words

Antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas

Epistrophe

the last word or set of words is repeated at the end of the sentence

Anaphora

the first words or set of words is repeated at the beginning of the sentence

2. Demonstrated (During The Speech)

3. Terminal (After The Speech)

2. Common Sense

3. Dynamism

4. Goodwill

are 4 parts of _____.

2. Inductive Reasoning

3. Causal Reasoning

4. Analogical Reasoning

2. Use of nonverbal behavior

3. Visual images

4. appeal to ones needs and values

are 4 ways to establish emotion.

2. Developing Vivid Examples

3. Speaking With Sincerity and Conviction

are 3 ways to _______ ________ ________.

2. Arousal/non-arousal

3. Dominance/powerless.

2. Refutation

3. Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Second point: analyze the causes of problems

Third point: presents a solution

Second point: Solution

Third point: Identify second problems

2. Unreceptive

3. Neutral Audiences

2. Statistics

3. Testimonies

4. Examples

2. Establish Credibility early

3. Acknowledge opposite views