anatomy test 4

Physiological effects of exercise

Physiological effects of exercise

Increased respiration rate: higher gas exchange: increase in heart rate: more water conserved in kidneys: increased blood pressure: sweating

What is hypoxia?

deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

female reproductive structure

uterus: fallopian tubes (blastocyst=hollow ball of cells. zygote=fertilized egg that grows blastocyst @ day 5) cervix

male reproductive organs

Bulbourethral gland (secretes lubricant into urethra), seminal vesicles (secrete glucose to nourish sperm), prostate gland, penis, scrotum

Normal breathing rates

Adult: 12-20 breaths per minute
Child: 20-40 breaths per minute
respiratory center of the brain = medulla oblongata

nonrespiratory air movements

cough (lower respiratory), sneeze(upper respiratory), crying, laughing, hiccups(diaphragm spasm), yawn(O2)

Macronutrients and micronutrients

carbohydrates(amylase, from pancreas, monosaccharides), proteins(enzymes, from stomach/pancreas, monosaccharides), lipids(lipase, from pancreas, fatty acids)

layers of alimentary canal

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

organs of the urinary system

kidneys(nephrons=functional unit of kidney), ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

gas exchange pathway

low to high across respiratory membrane. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillary and carbon dioxide diffuses from capillary into alveoli

rugae

folds in the stomach

pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle that controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

gastric juice

A digestive fluid secreted by the stomach.

3 cell types of gastric glands

1. mucous cells = mucus
2. chief cells = secrete pepsinogen
3. parietal cells = hydrochoric acid

liver functions

metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, bile production

gallbladder functions

stores and concentrates bile

inhalation

diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

exhalation

diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.

maximal inspiration

contraction of the diaphragm downward and the movement of the ribs upward and outward, expands the chest cavity

parts of small intestine

duodenum (connect to stomach), jejunum (middle), ileum (connect to small intestine)

function of small intestine

receives chyme from stomach, receives pancreatic juice, digestion and absorption of nutrients

Composition of urine

95% water and 5% solutes. Varies with diet and exercise.

kidney stones

formed in the kidney, resulting from an excess of salts or uric acid in the urine. diet, excess body weight, supplements, medical conditions.

gonads

ovaries (female sex cells from estrogen) and testes (sperm from testosterone)