macromolecules quiz

organic vs inorganic

organic vs inorganic

organic contains carbon, inorganic does not

polymer

monomers joined together through a covalent bond

monomer

smaller subunits that make up polymers

dehydration synthesis

water is released when two monosaccharides are covalently bonded

hydrolysis

water is added to break polymers down to monomers

catabolic

breaks down molecules and is either oxidized or releases energy for anabolic reactions

anabolic

creates molecules from smaller units using energy also known as an endergonic process

lipids (three important things)

1. hydrophobic ("fear of water")

2.cannot mix with water

3. mostly contain C and H atoms (hydrocarbon)

Triglycerides

made of glycerol and fatty acid tails (made of 3 chains)

saturated fats

1. single bonds between the carbons in the fatty acid tails

2. solid at room temp

3. mostly come from animals

4. ex: dairy products, oil, lard, certain meat, etc

5. saturated- to be filled with

unsaturated

1. one or more double bonds between the carbons in the fatty acid tails

2. unsaturated with carbon

3. ex- oil; olive, corn, avocado, coconut

4. comes mainly from vegetables

5. chain is bent

trans fat

type of hydrogenated oil and made when hydrogen is added to an UNSATURATED fat

Steroids (cholesterol)

HDL vs. LDL

HDL- High density lipoproteins- transport cholesterol from the body to the liver for disposal and breakdown

LDL- Low density lipoproteins- Transfer cholesterol from the liver to the body

*BOTH STRENGTHEN CELLS*

phosphate

1. component of a cell membrane

2. creates a barrier between the internal and external environment of the cell

3. structure: glycerol molecule, phosphate, 2+ fatty acids

proteins

1. Structure: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (CHON)

2. Monomers are amino acids

3. The R group is what makes them different

structural protein

hair fibers and fiber in tissue

defensive proteins

antibodies

receptor proteins

in cell membranes

transport proteins

hemoglobin

storage proteins

ovalbumin (found in egg white)

function/purpose of enzymes

proteins that are biological catalysts

substrate

fits into enzymes active site (bonding site on protein)

Enzyme-substrate complex-

When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms:

products of enzymes

Fructose and Glucose (product released after the substrate binds to the enzyme with induced fit)

Active site

Where the substrate bonds to the enzyme

Ways to increase or decrease the rate of a reaction

Increasing the temperature will speed up the reaction and decreasing the temperature will slow down the reaction

Denaturization

altering the shape of the enzyme (cannot go back to original shape once denatured) (usually caused by too high of a temp)

temp vs pH

Too high of temp can denature the enzyme and the pH can change as well

substrate of catalase

hydrogen peroxide

products of catalase when broken down

water and oxygen

where is catalase stored

all living cells

three characteristics of enzymes

1. reusable

2. only 1 enzyme for each substrate

3. denatured from increase in temp or pH

why doesnt catalase react with water or vinegar?

hydrogen peroxide is the only substrate for catalase so a reaction will not occur

why was water used?

as a negative control group

what importance does catalase have in the body?

break down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen to prevent cell damage since it is toxic to cells

how was the catalyst affected by the heat

it denatures the enzyme which makes the reaction occur

why was the liver reused

to show that enzymes can be reused and the reaction can still occur

how does increasing enzyme concentration affect the rate of enzyme actions when the substrate concentration remains constant

it remains constant because there are too many enzymes to react with the substrates

how does increasing substrate concentration effect the rate of enzyme action when enzyme concentration remains the same

there is not enough enzymes to bind with the substrates

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

atoms that nucleic acids are made of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHONP)

purpose of nucleic acids

complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA

ribonucleic acid

ATP

energy

benedicts

turns from blue to red, orange, yellow, or green if a monosaccharide is present. needs heat

iodine

turns from rust to blue-black if a polysaccharide is present