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Islamic Fundamentalism
expression of Islam that stresses strict and literal adherence to a set of basic principles
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
a Palestinian nationalist political and militant organization with the initial purpose of establishing Arab unity and statehood
Yassir Arafat
Palestinian statesman who was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization
Intifada
a sustained series of protests and violent riots carried out by Palestinians, means uprising in Arabic
Camp David Accords
established a framework for a historic peace treaty concluded between Israel and Egypt in March 1979
Oslo Accords
an agreement in 1933 in which Israeli prime minister Rabin granted Palestinian self rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Palestine
part of the region known as Canaan where the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah were located
Israel
the world's first Jewish state in two millennia
Arab-Israeli Wars
broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948
Yitzak Rabin
soldier who became Prime Minister of Israel in 1992, and who abandoned the use of force in favor of negotiations to achieve peace with the Palestinians
Hamas
militant Palestinian nationalist and Islamist movement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip that is dedicated to the establishment of an independent Islamic state in Palestine
Iran
comprising the area from Anatolia in the west to the Indus river and the Syr Darya in the east
Ayatollah Khomeini
architect of the Iranian Revolution and the first leader of the Islamic republic established in 1979
Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
governed Iran from 1953 through 1979 as a secular and authoritarian rule
Iraq
a country in Western Asia that largely corresponds with the territory of ancient Mesopotamia
Saddam Hussein
Iraqi politician and revolutionary who was the fifth president of Iraq, from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003
Iran-Iraq War
an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988
Persian Gulf War
A war between the forces of the United Nations, led by the United States, and those of Iraq that followed Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait
Arab Spring
a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s
ISIS
militant organization that seeks to establish an Islamic caliphate in Iraq and Syria
OPEC
a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference
Nelson Mandela
a South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa
Apartheid
a system of racial discrimination/segregation that was unique to South Africa and was imposed by the white Europeans settled in South Africa
African National Congress (ANC)
created for the cause of ending apartheid and gaining voting rights for blacks and other non-white races
FW de Klerk
a South African politician who served as state president of South Africa from 1989 to 1994 and as deputy president
Kwame Nkrumah
a Ghanaian politician, political theorist, and revolutionary
Jomo Kenyatta
a Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya as its Prime Minister
Pan-Africanism
the attempt to create a sense of brotherhood and collaboration among all people of African descent whether they lived inside or outside of Africa
Rwandan Genocide
800,000 people were brutally slaughtered by fellow citizens in a state-led genocide targeting the Tutsi ethnic group
Hutus & Tutsis
the Tutsi forming the wealthy, powerful part of society, and the Hutus the lower, poorer part
Darfur Genocide
the current mass slaughter and rape of Darfuri men, women, and children in Western Sudan
Globalization
a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place
Overpopulation
the state whereby the human population rises to an extent exceeding the carrying capacity of the ecological setting
Urbanization
the concentration of human populations into discrete areas
Terrorism
a method of coercion that utilizes or threatens to utilize violence in order to spread fear and thereby attain political or ideological goals
Desertification
the process by which natural or human causes reduce the biological productivity of drylands
Deforestation
when humans remove or thin forests for lumber or to use the land where the trees stood for crops, grazing, extraction (mining, oil, or gas)
Human Trafficking
the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of people through force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit
Refugee
someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence
Green Revolution
the increase in agricultural production that has been made possible by the use of new types of crops and new farming methods, especially in developing countries
Computer Revolution
a point in time at which computers make a significant change to human civilization
Genetic Engineering
a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
goals are to advance global monetary cooperation, gain financial stability, aid international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and decrease poverty around the world
Multinational Corporations
one that has business offices and operations in two or more countries in the world
Climate Change
a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth's local, regional and global climates
Global Warming
an aspect of climate change, referring to the long-term rise of the planet's temperatures
Kyoto Protocol
an international agreement to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change that commits parties to set internationally binding emission reduction targets through joint implementation
Paris Conference
an international meeting convened in January 1919 at Versailles just outside Paris
Endangered Species
those plants and animals that have become so rare they are in danger of becoming extinct
Nuclear Proliferation
the acquisition of nuclear weapons by nations or terrorist organization
War in Ukraine
an ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, more and more Russian soldiers and weapons were put near Ukraine, and that became a crisis
Enduring Issue
a challenge or problem that has been debated or discussed across time
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