Part 3- HUSSEIN EXAM 1

BASED ON AND ONLY ON THE SG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Enterobacteriaceae is a specific family of gram _______ rod/bacillus bacteria.

a. positive

b negative

b

What are some examples of Enterobacteriaceae?

(FYI!!!!!!!)

• E. coli

• Klebsiella pneumoniae

• Salmonella enterica

• Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri

• Yersinia

Enterobacteriaceae is…

• catalase + or -

• oxidase + or - and all other Gram- are …

• catalase +

• oxidase -, ALL other gram - are oxidase positive

Enterobacteriaceae bacteria have what in its cell wall that acts a virulence factor?

O antigen in the LPS

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a cause of _________________.

respiratory infections

Answer the following about Shigella Dysenteriae (g- bacillus):

• has what virulence factor that causes what?

• the infective dose of this bacteria is ______.

• shiga toxin—> causes dystentery

• infective dose is LOW—> only need 200 bacteria to cause an infection

Answer the following about Salmonella enterica (g- bacillus):

• humans can act as a ____________.

• associated with what infections?

• humans can act as reservoir (aka carry the bacteria but no symptoms)

• infections:

  • food poisoning

  • prostaglandin inflammatory diarrhea

  • septic infections like septic arthritis and osteomyelitis

Answer the following about E. coli:

• How does it acquire iron?

• How can it become uropathogenic? What does that lead to?

• iron acquisition with enterobactin/chelin

• uropathogenic with P-pilus

  • leads to cystitis (in young females), UTI, pyelonephritis

There are many different “virotypes” of E. coli (g- bacillus /enterobacteriaceae).

Answer the following about the EHEC O157:H7 (enterohemorrhagic) virotype:

• associated with what? (transmission wise)

• can cause what syndrome? this leads to?

• associated with petting zoos and undercooked hamburger

• can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) which can lead to kidney failure

There are many different “virotypes” of E. coli (g- bacillus /enterobacteriaceae).

Answer the following about the EPEC virotype:

• causes _____________ in developing countries

  • leads to severe ____________

• high/low mortality rates?

• causes infant watery diarrhea in developing countries

  • leads to severe dehydration

• HIGH mortality rates

There are many different “virotypes” of E. coli (g- bacillus/ enterobacteriaceae).

Answer the following about the ETEC virotype:

• often associated with what?

traveler’s diarrhea

The enterobacteriaceae Proteus mirabilis is highly mobile and produces what enzyme? what is the result?

• produces the enzyme urease—> leads to urolithiasis (urinary stones)

Answer the following about Y. pestis (g- bacillus/enterobacteriaceae):

• associated with WHAT DISEASE?

• how is it transmitted?

• bubonic plague

• transmission:

  • through rat fleas

  • pulmonary plague spreads from person to person

Answer the following about Y. enterocolitica (g- bacillus/enterobacteriaceae):

• associated with what?

• can survive at what temperature?

• associated with food poisoning

• can survive at 4 celcius (allows it to survive/multiple in food stored in the fridge)

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE REVIEW

Haemophilus aegyptius causes what disease?

Brazilian purpuric fever

Haemophilus ducreyi causes an STI known as a chancroid. What is the hallmark symptom of this?

painful necrotic ulcer

Answer the following about Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB):

• causes what disease/infection? in what patient population?

• virulence factor?

• vaccine type

• causes meningitis in <2 years old

• virulence factor—> PRRP CAPSULE

• conjugate vaccine

Answer the following about Haemophilus influenzae type A (HiA):

• causes what disease/infection? in what patient population?

• does it have the same virulence factor as HiB?

• causes:

  • otitis media in kids

  • sinusitis in adults

• NO CAPSULE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!—> result= can’t be typed (further classified)

Answer the following about Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

• oxidase ±?

• causes what infection?

• known for infecting ________ wounds

• highly __________

• oxidase +

• causes lung infection in cystic fibrosis

• known for infecting BURN wounds

• highly resistant

How is each of the following transmitted?

• Vibrio cholerae

• Vibrio vulnificus

• Vibrio parahaemolyticus

• Vibrio cholerae: fecal-oral route, leafy veggies

• Vibrio vulnificus- shellfish

• Vibrio parahaemolyticus- fecal-oral route, shellfish, oysters

Each of the following is associated with what symptom/infection?

• Vibrio cholerae

• Vibrio vulnificus

• Vibrio parahaemolyticus

• Vibrio cholerae- rice water diarrhea

• Vibrio vulnificus- gastroenteritis, sepsis, wound infection

• Vibrio parahaemolyticus- wound infection

Vibrio cholerae is associated with epidemic/pandemics. What enzyme is produced by this bacteria?

adenylate cyclase

What infection is Bordetella pertussis associated with?

How is it transmitted?

What vaccine is available for prevention?

• WHOOPING COUGH in CHILDREN

• transmitted through aerosols, droplets

• DPT vaccine available

Legionella pneumophila is associated with what disease? How is it transmitted?

• associated with Legionnaire’s disease (respiratory—> severe form of pneumonia)

• transmitted by aerosols, ex: air-conditioning

Mycobacterium are a family of rod shaped bacteria.

What are some examples?

(FYI—> do not memorize)

• M. tuberculosis

• M. kansasii

• M. avium

• M. leprae

• M. ulcerans

Answer the following about M. tuberculosis:

• associated with what infection? more specific?

• transmission

• what route of infection?

• People with underlying disease are more likely to have…

• symptoms

• virulence factor?

• TB!!!!!!

  • MILITARY TB (widespread infection in body)

• transmission: aerosols

• hematogenous route of infection (enters bloodstream)

• REACTIVATION TB—> more likely in ppl with underlying disease, old age, et.c

• symptoms: hemoptysis (coughing up blood)

• virulence—> CORD FACTOR, bind to mitochondria, prevents phagosome lysosome fusion

What is the 1st and 2nd line tx for tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis? Why would we use 2 drugs?

• 1^st line- Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Streptomycin

• 2^nd line- Para-aminosalicylic acid, ethionamide, Cycloserine, fluoroquinolones, kanamycin

• use 2 drugs bc it prevents resistance

Answer the following about M. kansasii:

• what happens when this bacteria is exposed to light?

• sometimes it can cause a false positive for what test?

• photochromogenic (produces pigment when exposed to light)

• can “mimic” TB and cause a FALSE POSITIVE ON PPD test

Answer the following about M. avium:

• intra or extracellular?

• results of acid-fast test

• opportunistic in what pt. populations?

  • bc of low _____

• intracellular

• positive acid-fast test

• opportunistic—> in immunocompromised and AIDs

  • bc of low CD4

Answer the following about M. leprae:

• where does this bacteria grow?

• caused what disease? symptoms?

• Tx?

• grows in foot pad of armadillo or mouse (cannot grow in agar/culture—> requires living host!!!!!)

• causes:

  • tuberculoid LEPROSY—> patchy anesthesia

  • lepromatous LEPROSY—> severe, contagious, cell-mediated immunity defective

• tx: DAPASONE—> take long term

Answer the following about M. ulcerans:

• causes what skin disease?

• is our immune response responsible for tissue destruction?

• causes Buruli ulcer—> a chronic necrotizing skin disease

• our immune response is NOT responsible for tissue destruction

Answer the following about Borrelia recurrentis:

• what transmission method causes epidemics?

• what transmission method causes endemics?

• when must testing for this bacteria occur?

• Louse/Lice—> causes epidemics with relapsing fever

• ticks—> cause endemics

• specimens for testing collected during FEBRILE PEROID

Answer the following about Borrelia burgedorferi:

• what is the HALLMARK symptom?

• causes what disease?

• transmission?

• symptom—> BULLS EYE RASH (aka erythematous migrans)

• causes LYMES disease

• transmitted by tick

Answer the following about Leptospira interrogans:

• transmission by…

• can survive in what?

• symptoms of infection?

• transmission by dogs, puppies

• can survive in brackish water and at 4 degrees C

• symptoms—> jaundice, hepatitis, infected spleen

What bacteria causes syphilis?

T. pallidum

Answer the following about T. pallidum:

• causes what infection?

• what are the stages of infection?

• what type of transmission?

• What test identifies this bacteria?

• T. pallidum

• Stages infection:

  • Infection with T. pallidum

  • primary syphilis—> chancroid (painless ulcer)

  • secondary syphilis (systemic spread of bacteria)

  • latent syphilis (asymptomatic)

  • tertiary syphilis—> GUMMAS, CNS, paralysis, blindness

• VERTICAL transmission (aka can be passed mom—> fetus)

• VDRL test—> for T. pallidum and other spirochetes