MODULE 1

COMPUTER SYSTEM

Computer- is a combination of electromechanical and electronic components.

1. Accepts structured input

2. Processes according to prescribed rules

3. Produces the result as output.

PURPOSE: to speed up computation in problem-solving and increase productivity.

Electronic Data Processing (EDP) - instructions and data are stored in a machine-readable form.

SIX ELEMENTS:

1. Hardware

2. Software

3. Data/Information

4. Procedures

5. People

6. Communications

CATEGORIES:

1. Mainframes

• Largest and most powerful among computers. SUPERCOMPUTERS.

2. Network Computers

• Called as “DUMB TERMINALS”

3. Personal Computers

• Refer to it as “DESKTOP COMPUTERS” designed for personal use

4. Laptop

• Called as “NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS”

5. Tablet and Smartphones

• Smartphone - operating system, web browsing capability, and the ability to run software applications.

• Tablet - a mobile operating system, a rechargeable battery i and a touchscreen display processing circuitry. 

THE INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE

• It accepts input data, processes data into information and outputs or stores if then the cycle repeats.

FOUR ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS:

1. Input

2. Process 

3. Output

4. Storage

CAPABILITIES:

1. Can perform arithmetic and logical operations.

2. Can store or remember a vast amount and variety of information.

3. Can handle large volumes of repetitive tasks accurately over long periods

4. Can communicate with their operators in a form of printed output

5. Capable of remote processing

LIMITATIONS:

1. Subject to human direction and control

2. Can detect but cannot correct and inaccurate entry.

3. Subject to occasional breakdown or computer malfunctions

COMPUTER SCIENCE

• Is a study of computers, design, operations and use their processing data into information.

BLAISE PASCAL - 1642

CHARLES BABBAGE - 1812

GEORGE BOOLE - 1854

ALAN TURING -1912-1954 invented the “UNIVERSAL TURING MACHINE”

JOHN VON NEUMANN -1903-1957

MODULE 1.2

DECIMAL - we can express any quantity. Composed of 10 symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Base of 10

BINARY - two symbols of the possible digit values: 0 and 1. Base of 2

OCTAL - eight possible digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Base 8

HEXADECIMAL - sixteen possible digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F. Base 16

CODES - group of symbols

BINARY-CODED DECIMAL (BCD) - each digit of a decimal number is represented by its binary equivalent

ALPHANUMERIC CODES - 87 characters, known as the “American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)”

MODULE 2

INPUT DEVICES - provide informations and instructions onto the computer

Computer Keyboard - has numeric and alphabetic keys

Terminal - accepts customer inputs for processing. 

THREE CLASSIFICATIONS:

1. Smart

2. Dumb

3. Intelligent

Touchtone - accepts data when you push the telephone buttons.

Mouse - handheld pointing device.

Joystick - pointing with a base and vertical handle

Touch Screen - allows users to interact with the system.

Graphics Tablet/ Digitizing Tablet - a wire connects to a light pen through the user can sketch images.

Space Mouse - with an X, Y, & Z axis

Scanning Devices - translate images of text, photo, and etc into digital form.

Optical Character Reader (OCR) - scanning device used for price tags

Barcode Reader- used to read bar codes on most products

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) - read the numbers printed at the bottom of the checks.

Fax Machines/ Facsimile Transmission Machines - scan hardcopies and transmit data using telephone lines

Multimedia Devices - record music and other sound signals into digital format

Video Converters - transform video or film into digital format

Sensor - collects data from the environment and converts into computer-readable data.

MODULE 2.1

COMPUTER - processes data that has been inputted by the user.

Output Devices - transform them into human-readable format (ex. Printers, display screens, and speakers)

Display Screens - also called “MONITORS”.

TWO TYPES OF MONITORS:

1. Cathode-ray tube (CRT)

• Vacuum tube

2. Flat-panel Displays 

• Thinner, weigh less, and consume less power

THREE TYPES OF FLAT-PANEL:

1. Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD)

2. Electroluminescent (EL)

3. Gas-Plasma Display

THE TWO TYPES OF MONITOR DEPENDS ON:

1. Resolution

2. Dot pitch

3. Refresh rate

Graphics Adapter Card - circuit board in the computer where the resolution is determined

Printers - prints the characters and symbols from the computer unto the paper

COMMONLY USED TYPES:

1. Dot-matrix

2. Inkjet

3. Laser printers

4. Thermal printers

Plotter - imprint in white and black colors

THREE DESIGNS:

1. Pen

2. Electrostatic

3. Thermal 

Speakers - produce sound input from the computer

Smartphone - newer version of a telephone with a TV-like screen and a built-in camera

Multifunctional Device - combination of printing, scanning, copying and faxing into a single device

Virtual Reality (VR) - is a computer generated simulated reality

Robots - are automatic devices the perform functions ordinarily ascribed to human beings

KINDS OF ROBOTS:

1. Industrial robots

2. Perception systems

3. Mobile robots

MODULE 2.3

PROCESSING AND STORAGE DEVICES

Central Processing Unit (CPU) - responsible for the processing and conversion

PRIMARY FUNCTION:

• To perform arithmetic and logical operations

Primary Storage/ Main Memory - instructions and data are stored while processing

TWO TYPES OF STORAGE INSIDE MAIN MEMORY:

1. Random Access Memory (RAM)

• Store volatile data

2. Read-Only Memory (ROM)

• Stores given instructions for the routine operations of a computer

Registers - temporary storage locations

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - performs all arithmetic and logical calculations of the CPU

Control Unit (CU) - acts as a traffic controller for the flow of instructions

Buses - bundles of tiny wires

THREE MOST ESSENTIAL BUSES:

1. Data

2. Address

3. Control buses

Secondary Storage - where the data is stored permanently. Provides cheap, non-volatile high capacity storage

TWO CLASSES OF SECONDARY STORAGE:

1. Direct Access Media

• Data can be accessed directly

2. Sequential Access Storage Devices (SASD)

• Accesses data in a specific order

Magnetic Tape - is a sequential access storage media that stores blocks of data along the length of its tape. Long term storage

Magnetic Disk - is a direct access storage media. Includes Hard Drives and Floppy Disks

Hard Disk - stacks of permanently mounted rigid magnetic disks in a computer unit. Very Fragile

Solid-State Drive (SSD) - uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data

Floppy Disk - obsolete and are much slower than hard drives and have minimum storage capacity

TYPICAL FORM OF OPTICAL DISKS:

1. CD-ROM (Compact Disk- Read Only Memory) - non-erasable disk that stores computer data

2. CD-Rewritable - can erase and rewrite data

Magneto-Optical Disk (MO) - a hybrid between magnetic disk and optical disk

Memory Stick - direct access to storage media

MODULE 3.2

APPLICATION SOFTWARE - helps to solve and meet user problems and needs directly

THREE BASIC TYPES:

1. Commercial

• Prepackaged and is available from software vendors

2. Shareware

• Developed and released for demonstration purposes

3. Open Source

• Released to public domain for free and for public use

CATEGORY OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE:

1. PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE

• Database

• presentation graphics

• word processor,

• Spreadsheet,

• personal information

• manager software,

• project management software

2. GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA

• Desktop publishing software

• Web page design software

• image editing software

• Video-audionediting

• Multimedia authoring software

3. HOME AND PERSONAL 

AND EDUCATIONAL USE

• Integrated software

• Personal finance software

• Legal software

• Photo-editing software

• Home design/ landscaping software

• Educational software

• Entertainment software

4. COMMUNICATIONS

• E-mail software

• Web browser

• Chat client software

• Newsreader software

• Instant messenger software

• Groupware software

• Video Conference software

Peopleware - skilled workers in the Information Technology field

Major IT Groups 

• Management group

• Systems and procedures group

• Programming group

• Computer operation group

MODULE 3.3

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

1. Python

2. Java

3. Ruby on rails

4. HTML

5. Java Script

6. C language

7. C++

8. C (sharp)

9. Objective C

10. PHP

11. SQL

12. Swift