cell division bio 1

cell cycle

the series of stages a cell goes through as it grows and divide

interphase

the cell grows, copies DNA, and prepared for division (G1, S, G2)

G1 phase

the cell grows and performs normal functions

G2 phase 

the cell grows more and checks DNA for errors before division 

S phase

DNA is replicated

mitosis

division of nucleus into two identical nuclei

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells 

chromatin

loose, uncoiled DNA found during interphase

chromosome

condense DNA visible during mitosis that carries genetic information 

sister chromatids

identical copies of a chromosome attached at the centromere

centromere

region where sister chromatids are joined

spindle fibers

microtubules that pull chromosomes apart during mitosis

centrioles

structures in animal cells that help organize spindle fibers

prophase

chromatin condenses, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle forms

metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides

telophase

nuclear membrane form and chromosomes uncoil into chromatin

cell cycle checkpoints

control points that ensure the cell is ready to proceed

apoptosis

programmed cell death

cancer

uncontrolled cell decision due to failure of regulation

haploid (n)

one set of chromosomes (gametes)

gametes

sex cells

diploid (2n)

two sets of chromosomes (body cells)

somatic cells

body cells

meiosis

cell division that produces genetically varied haploid gametes

autosomes

body chromosomes

XX

female chromosome

XY

male chromosome

homologous chromosomes

members of a pair of chromosomes

centromere

area where the chromosome narrows

G0 phase

cell death

daughter cells 

identical diploid cells 

cytokinesis in animals

cleavage furrow constricts like a drawstring to separate cells

cytokinesis in plants

cell plate forms a cell wall between the 2 daughter cells