AP Human Geography Chapter 7

Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions (religion, language, material culture)

Race

Identity with a group of people descended from a biological ancestor (color of skin)

Ghetto

During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.

Ethnic cleansing

A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.

Racism

The belief that race determines human traits and capabilities which lead to superiority of a particular race and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

Racist

A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism

Apartheid

laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated races into different geographic areas

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality (flags, pledge, songs)

Nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.

Multiethnic state

A state that contains more than one ethnicity.

Multinational state

A state containing two or more ethnic groups with traditions of seft-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

Centripetal force

factors, often positive, that tend to unify and bring together a population

Balkanization

A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

Triangular slave trade

A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to the Caribbean Islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.

Sharecropper

A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.

Self-determination

The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.

Cultural shatterbelt

A politically unstabe region where differing cultural elements come into conflict and contact (cultural clashes).

Ethnic enclave

When a community/ethnic group is trapped and completely surrounded by an unfriendly popluation/government.

Ethnic group

A group of human beings whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common geneology or ancestry.

Ethnocentrism

The beliefs of an ethnic group that their ethnicity is better/best.

Plural society

A society combining ethnic contrasts: the economic interdependence of those groups.

Social distance

The distance between different groups of society, opposed to locational difference (ex: social class, ethnicity, race, etc.).

Segregation

The separation of different races in dailiy activities.

Dowry death

The deaths of young brides who are murdered of driven to suicide by continuous harassments and torture by husband and relatives in an effort to extort dorwy. This mostly occurs in South Asia.

Infanticide

The Islamic/Arabic practice of killing infants (esp. girls/defected ones).

Suffrage

The right to vote.

10 year census questions

the country gives this out in order to get an idea of what ethnicities and populations we have living in the U.S.

Difficulty of the 10 year census questions

It is sometimes define a race or an ethnicity. Because of that, multiple questions are given in order to determine this.

Distinct clustering is very noticeable on _____ scale

state (Cities)

Detroit

35% African American, 7% rest of Michigan

Chicago

1/3 African American, 1/12 rest of Illinois

New York City

1/4 Hispanic, 1/16 rest of New York State

Los Angeles

1/2 Hispanic

San Antonio

1/2 Hispanic

Minorities tend to go to _____

urban areas/ cities

Hispanics found in the

Southwest in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and California

African Americans found in the

South east in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, and South Carolina

Asian Americans found in the

West in Hawaii and California

Ethnic Clustering on an urban scale

Originally, ethnic groups such as Little Italy and Greek town. Now, Hispanics and African Americans cluster here. 90% of them live in cities compared to 75% of all Americans.

Chicago Urban Scale

Mixes of European, Latin American, and Asian with African Americans on the southern side

Los Angeles Urban Scale

African Americans in south central, Hispanics in the east, and Asian Americans in the south and west

Ethnicities usually cluster because of

chain migration

First African arrived in America in

1619 at Jamestown, Virginia

400,000 Africans are shipped to the US during what century?

18th century

Where did most slaves go when they got to the U.S.?

Southeast

10 million Africans forced to _____

western hemispheres

1808 USA bans bringing in slaves. However...

250,000 were brought in illegally

Triangular slave Trade

Different European countries operated in various regions of Africa and sent slaves to different places in Americas. Europe to Africa with goods, Africa to Caribbean with slaves, Caribbean to Europe with spices and rum.

Quota Laws

limited immigrants from Latin America and Asia but the U.S. removed them after being deemed unconstitutional in the 1960s and 1970s

Most immigrants come for

economic gain

Most Hispanics are either from

Mexico or Puerto Rico

Asians come form

China, India, Philippines, Korea, and Vietnam

Internal Migration of African Americans within the U.S.A.

S to N cities during first half of the 20th century and inner city to suburbs during second half of the 20th century

African Americans Interregional migration

Moved north after civil war and worked as sharecroppers;in the early 20th century, moved along roads by car and bus;in the late 20th century, moved along interstate system

East Coast African American migration

From Carolinas to major cities on Us-Route 1 (I-95)

East Central African American migration

From Alabama, Tennessee to Detroit on Route 25, 21 (I-77)

West Central African American migration

Mississippi to St. Louis, Chicago on Route 61, 66 (I-55)

Southwest African American migration

Texas to California on Route 80, 90 (I-10, I-20)

Intraregional Migration

Migration within Cities- cluster in one neighborhood called ghettos. They have very dense populations, 40,000square km. Ghetto expands during 1950s & 60s with population increase. Baltimore ghetto expands from 3 sq/km in 1950 to 25 sq/km in 1970

White Flight

Ghettos expand because whites left. They were encouraged by blockbusting.

Blockbusting

a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices out of fear that person's of color will soon move into the neighborhood.

What was imporatnt about African American migration in Detroit

African-American migration into Detroit caused whites to emigrate out, drastically dropping the white population by 1.5 million over a span of 50 years. Overall population dropped from 2 million to 700,000.

Separate but Equal

Supreme Court upholds Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the supreme court stated that the separation of black and white passengers on a train car was constitutional because equality did not mean that whites had to mix socially with blacks

Jim Crow Laws

Forced to sit at back of buses, some businesses chose to only serve whites, separate schools

Segregation eliminated officially after

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. It argued that racial separation led to inferior education.

Detroit Institute of Arts

white European Art

Museum of African American History

largest African exhibit

South African Apartheid

Babies were classified as black, white, mixed, or Asian and gave each race a different legal status and specific jobs; blacks were limited in jobs, were pay much less, and could not vote; moved back to "homelands"

Repealed Apartheid

1991

Nelson Mandela was released from prison after __ years

27

centrifugal force

factors, often negative, that tend to pull apart and disperse a population

nationality

identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there (voting, passport, civic duties)

part nation-state

states where the ethnic group is dispersed across several states

describe the distribution of major ethnicities within the US:

identify states/regions in which they are clustered; regions in which they are mostly absent; provide reasons for the present distribution

give and describe examples of ethnic conflicts in at least 3 different regions.

...

discuss the roles, both positive and negative, of nationalism in a state.

...

define and give examples of part-nation states, multinational states, and stateless nations.

...

What are the three most numerous ethnicities in the United States?

Hispanics, African-Americans, and Asian-Americans.

What is the "problem" with the way the U.S. Census Bureau defines "Asian"?

Asian American as an ethnicity and Asian as a race are the same thing, which applies to Americans from multiple countries in Asia

What is the difference between "African-American" and "black"?

African-American is an ethnicity and black is a race

How does the U.S. Census Bureau consider Hispanic/Latino?

Hispanic is an ethnicity and they can identify with any race they wish.

Explain apartheid

Newborn babies were classified as a race then based on this were given a legal status and had certain jobs available to them when they grew up. The laws determined where they could live, work, attend school, shop, and own land. Blacks were given very little freedom as they could not vote, run in political office, and were given lower wages.

1652

The apartheid system was created by descendants of whites who arrived in South Africa from the Netherlands

1795

The British colony seized the Dutch colony and controlled Africa's government until 1948

1994

All South Africans were permitted to vote in national elections for the first time

How does nationality differ from ethnicity?

Ethnicity is cultural attachment while nationality is legal attachment.

Ethnicity examples

African, Hispanic, Chinese, Polish, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, English

Nationality Examples

US citizens, Republic of Ireland, United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland)

Race examples

black, white, other colors

Differences between ethnicities and nationality in the UK.

Ethnicities in the UK are the English, Welsh, Scots, and the Irish. Nationalities are the two countries: The UK and the Republic of Ireland.

How do nations foster nationalism?

through patriotic songs, flags, and pledges

Religions in Lebanon

Christians, Sunnis, Shiites, & Druze

Lebanon 1943

independence gained

In Lebanon, _____ began to loose their power and _____ gained strength

Christians; Muslims

How was the Lebanon civil war resolved?

Syria, Israel, and the U.S. sent troops into Lebanon to restore peace

How did Lebanon's 1943 constitution seek to solve the religion problem?

It required that each religion be represented in the government according to it's percentage in the 1932 census.

Lebanon Government division of religion: president

Maronite Christian

Lebanon Government division of religion: The premier

Sunni Muslim

Lebanon Government division of religion: The speaker of the chamber of deputies

Shiite Muslim

Lebanon Government division of religion:

Greek Orthodox Christian