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What is a communicable disease?
An illness caused by a “a contagious disease of human or animal origin caused by an infectious agent. Its transmission depends on the successful interaction of the infectious agent, the host and the environment. . . Communicable diseases can be prevented and controlled”
Epidemiologic triad
Host = population at risk
Environment= combo. of physical, biological, economic, and social factors.
Agent = organism capable of causing disease
What are 21st century challenges to triad equilibrium? (5)
Advances in science and technology
Destruction of natural habitats
Explosive population growth
Political instability
A worldwide transportation network
What is triad equilibrium?
“usual state”, healthy
Four categories of infectious agents
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Viruses
Natural immunity
the protection your body develops after fighting off an infection
Active immunity
a defense mechanism that occurs when the body's immune system produces antibodies to fight a disease after exposure to it
Passive immunity
A type of immunity that occurs when a person is given antibodies rather than making them through his or her own immune system. For example, passive immunity occurs when a baby receives a mother's antibodies through the placenta or breast milk.
Vertical transmission
parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, breast milk, or contact with vaginal canal during birth
Horizontal transmission
person to person via:
indirect or direct contact
common vehicle
airborne and aerosol
vectorborne nonhuman organism
incubation
infected, no disease, equilibrium
What are the 5 stages of disease?
incubation
prodromal
illness
period of decline
convalescence
prodromal
mild symptoms
illness
have symptoms of disease, getting worse
period of decline
sick but recovering
convalescence
regaining strength
ICD-11
International Classification of Diseases
What are types of communicable diseases? (6)
Vaccine-preventable
Sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections
Enteric, food, and water-borne infections
Zoonotic and vector-borne infections
Respiratory infections
HAIs
What is NACI?
National Advisory Committee on Immunization
Develops guidelines for use of approved vaccines in Canada.
Identifies groups at risk for vaccine-preventable diseases.
Herd immunity
The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent, based on high proportion of individual members of the group being resistant to infection. (protects the vulnerable)
Enteric infections
enter the body through the mouth and intestinal tract and affect the digestive system.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
when micro-organisms change in a way that reduces or eliminates effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other agents intended to cure or prevent infections.
Why are vaccines an essential part of the response to reduce AMR?
if you can prevent the disease, you can prevent the use of antimicrobials
Epidemiology
Study of disease in a population
Public health surveillance
helps is to identify threats to public health and recognize disease outbreaks
passive surveillance
no active search for cases
most common method used to detect vaccine-preventable cases
passive notification through routine reporting or health data
active surveillance
actively sought out (e.g. prostate and breast cancer screening - catching things early)
searching for suspected cases among persons who may have been at a location with a known case
sero-surveillance
checking for antibodies of a particular disease
sentinel surveillance
selected institutions or groups
data collected can be used to signal trends and monitor burden of disease
can help detect outbreaks
ethics
a branch of moral philosophy that includes both a body of knowledge about the moral life and a process of reflection for determining what persons ought to do or be in this life
bioethics
a branch of applied ethics, recognition of human rights, antiracism, new technologies that made clinical decisions controlling life and death more complex and problematic.
super spreaders
use broad theories to introduce misinformation to as many people as possible because communities overlap, widens spread
what is the leading cause of death globally?
non-communicable diseases
noncommunicable diseases (NCD) (3)
not passed from person to person
long duration
generally slow in progression
primordial prevention
targets social and economic policies effecting health
what is an example of tertiary prevention?
heart function clinics
diabetes clinics
What are 21st century challenges to triad equilibrium? (5)
• Advances in science and technology;
• Destruction of natural habitats;
• Explosive population growth;
• Political instability;
• A worldwide transportation network
Emergency Management Act
Federal, provincial, and territorial partnerships to work proactively for disaster reduction
Canada’s Emergency Management & Disaster Preparedness Framework (4 stages)
Disaster prevention and mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
What is disaster prevention and mitigation?
To adapt to, eliminate, or reduce the risks of disasters in order to protect lives, property, the environment, and reduce economic disruption
What is disaster response?
Implementation of disaster plans, during, immediately before, or after a disaster to manage its consequences
What is disaster recovery?
Activities that focus on rebuilding to pre-disaster or near pre-disaster conditions; reduce risk of reoccurrence. This occurs after the disaster.
Environmental racism
a form of systemic racism whereby communities of colour are disproportionately burdened with health hazards.through policies and practices
redlining
systemic denial of financial services to residents of specific neighborhoods
environmental justice
a response to environmental racism
one health
a collaborative, multi sectoral, and transdisciplinary approach working at local, regional, national, and global levels with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment.
environment
all that is internal or external to a given host or agent and that is influenced by and influences the host and the agent. it is the sum of all internal and external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism.
WHO environmental risk factors (9)
air pollution
inadequate water, sanitation, hygiene
chemicals and biologic agents
radiation
community noise
occupational risks
agricultural practices
built environment (housing + roads)
climate change
what are 3 factors involved in one health?
growth in human and livestock populations
climate change
the globalization of trade in animals and animal products
two greatest causes of climate change
burning of fossil fuels
deforestation
primary health care
comprehensive care that includes disease prevention, community development, a wide spectrum of services and programs working in interprofessional teams and intersectoral collaboration for healthy public policy
what are the 5 principles of primary health care?
accessibility
health promotion
public participation
intersectoral collaboration
appropriate technology
primary care
refers to first contact between individual and the health care system
primary prevention
prevent disease/injury by modifying existing risk factors (immunization, education)
PREVENT
secondary prevention
detect and treat disease/injury early (screening)
SCREEN
primordial prevention
prevents risk factors from developing
tertiary prevention
prevent further harm/worst outcomes from the disease/injury (rehab, meds)
TREAT
isolation vs quarantine
isolation - separating people who have symptoms so that they can’t infect others.
quarantine - separating well people who have been exposed to the virus, to see if they become ill.
what are the 4 stages of canada’s emergency management and disaster preparedness framework
prevention and mitigation
preparedness
response
recovery
pathogenesis
the process by which an infection leads to disease, pathological changes occur but individual initially not aware
what are vector-borne diseases?
nonhuman organism, often an insect, that facilitates transmission of an infectious agent
with enteric, food and water borne infections, what is the primary method of infection?
eating or drinking contaminated foods or liquids
with enteric, food and water borne infections, what is the secondary method of infection?
direct contact with contaminated feces or vomit
