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What is a communicable disease?

An illness caused by a “a contagious disease of human or animal origin caused by an infectious agent. Its transmission depends on the successful interaction of the infectious agent, the host and the environment. . . Communicable diseases can be prevented and controlled”

Epidemiologic triad

Host = population at risk

Environment= combo. of physical, biological, economic, and social factors.

Agent = organism capable of causing disease

What are 21st century challenges to triad equilibrium? (5)

• Advances in science and technology

• Destruction of natural habitats

• Explosive population growth

• Political instability

• A worldwide transportation network

What is triad equilibrium?

“usual state”, healthy

Four categories of infectious agents

• Bacteria

• Fungi

• Parasites

• Viruses

Natural immunity

the protection your body develops after fighting off an infection

Active immunity

a defense mechanism that occurs when the body's immune system produces antibodies to fight a disease after exposure to it

Passive immunity

A type of immunity that occurs when a person is given antibodies rather than making them through his or her own immune system. For example, passive immunity occurs when a baby receives a mother's antibodies through the placenta or breast milk.

Vertical transmission

parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, breast milk, or contact with vaginal canal during birth

Horizontal transmission

person to person via:

• indirect or direct contact

• common vehicle

• airborne and aerosol

• vectorborne nonhuman organism

incubation

infected, no disease, equilibrium

What are the 5 stages of disease?

1. incubation

2. prodromal

3. illness

4. period of decline

5. convalescence

prodromal

mild symptoms

illness

have symptoms of disease, getting worse

period of decline

sick but recovering

convalescence

regaining strength

ICD-11

International Classification of Diseases

What are types of communicable diseases? (6)

• Vaccine-preventable

• Sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections

• Enteric, food, and water-borne infections

• Zoonotic and vector-borne infections

• Respiratory infections

• HAIs

What is NACI?

National Advisory Committee on Immunization

• Develops guidelines for use of approved vaccines in Canada.

• Identifies groups at risk for vaccine-preventable diseases.

Herd immunity

The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent, based on high proportion of individual members of the group being resistant to infection. (protects the vulnerable)

Enteric infections

enter the body through the mouth and intestinal tract and affect the digestive system.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

when micro-organisms change in a way that reduces or eliminates effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other agents intended to cure or prevent infections.

Why are vaccines an essential part of the response to reduce AMR?

if you can prevent the disease, you can prevent the use of antimicrobials

Epidemiology

Study of disease in a population

Public health surveillance

helps is to identify threats to public health and recognize disease outbreaks

passive surveillance

• no active search for cases

• most common method used to detect vaccine-preventable cases

• passive notification through routine reporting or health data

active surveillance

• actively sought out (e.g. prostate and breast cancer screening - catching things early)

• searching for suspected cases among persons who may have been at a location with a known case

sero-surveillance

checking for antibodies of a particular disease

sentinel surveillance

• selected institutions or groups

• data collected can be used to signal trends and monitor burden of disease

• can help detect outbreaks

ethics

a branch of moral philosophy that includes both a body of knowledge about the moral life and a process of reflection for determining what persons ought to do or be in this life

bioethics

a branch of applied ethics, recognition of human rights, antiracism, new technologies that made clinical decisions controlling life and death more complex and problematic.

super spreaders

use broad theories to introduce misinformation to as many people as possible because communities overlap, widens spread

what is the leading cause of death globally?

non-communicable diseases

noncommunicable diseases (NCD) (3)

• not passed from person to person

• long duration

• generally slow in progression

primordial prevention

targets social and economic policies effecting health

what is an example of tertiary prevention?

• heart function clinics

• diabetes clinics

What are 21st century challenges to triad equilibrium? (5)

• Advances in science and technology;

• Destruction of natural habitats;

• Explosive population growth;

• Political instability;

• A worldwide transportation network

Emergency Management Act

Federal, provincial, and territorial partnerships to work proactively for disaster reduction

Canada’s Emergency Management & Disaster Preparedness Framework (4 stages)

1. Disaster prevention and mitigation

2. Preparedness

3. Response

4. Recovery

What is disaster prevention and mitigation?

To adapt to, eliminate, or reduce the risks of disasters in order to protect lives, property, the environment, and reduce economic disruption

What is disaster response?

Implementation of disaster plans, during, immediately before, or after a disaster to manage its consequences

What is disaster recovery?

Activities that focus on rebuilding to pre-disaster or near pre-disaster conditions; reduce risk of reoccurrence. This occurs after the disaster.

Environmental racism

a form of systemic racism whereby communities of colour are disproportionately burdened with health hazards.through policies and practices

redlining

systemic denial of financial services to residents of specific neighborhoods

environmental justice

a response to environmental racism

one health

a collaborative, multi sectoral, and transdisciplinary approach working at local, regional, national, and global levels with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment.

environment

all that is internal or external to a given host or agent and that is influenced by and influences the host and the agent. it is the sum of all internal and external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism.

WHO environmental risk factors (9)

• air pollution

• inadequate water, sanitation, hygiene

• chemicals and biologic agents

• radiation

• community noise

• occupational risks

• agricultural practices

• built environment (housing + roads)

• climate change

what are 3 factors involved in one health?

1. growth in human and livestock populations

2. climate change

3. the globalization of trade in animals and animal products

two greatest causes of climate change

• burning of fossil fuels

• deforestation

primary health care

comprehensive care that includes disease prevention, community development, a wide spectrum of services and programs working in interprofessional teams and intersectoral collaboration for healthy public policy

what are the 5 principles of primary health care?

1. accessibility

2. health promotion

3. public participation

4. intersectoral collaboration

5. appropriate technology

primary care

refers to first contact between individual and the health care system

primary prevention

prevent disease/injury by modifying existing risk factors (immunization, education)

PREVENT

secondary prevention

detect and treat disease/injury early (screening)

SCREEN

primordial prevention

prevents risk factors from developing

tertiary prevention

prevent further harm/worst outcomes from the disease/injury (rehab, meds)

TREAT

isolation vs quarantine

isolation - separating people who have symptoms so that they can’t infect others.

quarantine - separating well people who have been exposed to the virus, to see if they become ill.

what are the 4 stages of canada’s emergency management and disaster preparedness framework

1. prevention and mitigation

2. preparedness

3. response

4. recovery

pathogenesis

the process by which an infection leads to disease, pathological changes occur but individual initially not aware

what are vector-borne diseases?

nonhuman organism, often an insect, that facilitates transmission of an infectious agent

with enteric, food and water borne infections, what is the primary method of infection?

eating or drinking contaminated foods or liquids

with enteric, food and water borne infections, what is the secondary method of infection?

direct contact with contaminated feces or vomit