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What are the components all seeds contain?
Seed coat, food reserves (endosperm and/or cotyledons), and embryo (axis with attached cotyledons).
What are the two major steps in seed development?
Embryogenesis 2. Seed maturation.
What is the difference between quiescent and dormant seeds?
Quiescent seeds will germinate upon rehydration in favorable conditions, while dormant seeds fail to germinate even in favorable conditions.
What are the requirements for seed germination?
Water, oxygen, and temperature.
What is the primary function of cotyledons in eudicots?
To store nutrients and absorb nutrients as needed.
What stage of embryo formation establishes polarity?
The first division of the proembryo.
What is the heart stage of embryo formation characterized by?
Emergence of cotyledons and development of all three primary meristems.
Which structure is the first to emerge from a eudicot seed?
Radicle.
What are the three processes of development in plants?
Growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis.
What type of meristem gives rise to vascular tissue?
Procambium.
What is primary growth responsible for in plants?
Elongation of the plant body.
What is the main difference in germination between hypogeous and epigeous eudicots?
In hypogeous germination, cotyledons remain underground; in epigeous germination, cotyledons are carried above ground.
How do monocot seeds typically germinate?
Through the elongation of a tubular cotyledon that forms a hooked shape.
What is the structure of a mature embryo in eudicots?
An axis bearing one or two cotyledons, with epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle, and apical meristems.
What occurs during seed maturation?
Massive buildup of food reserves, desiccation, hardening of the seed coat, and entering a dormant phase.
What is the primary role of the suspensor during embryo development?
To anchor the embryo and provide nutrients and growth regulators.
What role does water play in seed germination?
It activates enzymes, resumes metabolic activity, and enlarges the seed.
What can break seed dormancy?
Pass through digestive tract, rainfall, mechanical cracking, or heat of fire.
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