Lecture 16

Glycolysis (anaerobic)

Glycolysis (anaerobic)

conversion of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate while producing energy

Gluconeogenesis

synthesis of glucose from amino acids, pyruvate and non-carbohydrates

Glycogenesis

synthesis of glycogen from glucose

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

conversion of glucose to five carbon sugar phosphates

phosphorylation of glucose

glucose is trapped inside and activates glucose by making it into a high energy molecule

Energy Investment Phase (Steps 1 - 5)

• activation by phosphorylation

• 2 ATPS invested

• cleavage of one-6-carbon sugar to two 3-carbon sugar phosphates

Energy Generation Phase (steps 6 - 10)

• generation of a super-high-energy compound

• production of 2 ATPS

• generation of a super-high-energy compound

• production of 2 ATPS

Step 1

glucose is phosphorylated, ATP used (exergonic/Not reversible)

Step 2

G-6-P is isomerized to Fructose-6-P, aldose to ketone

Step 3

Another molecule of ATP is used to phosphorylate F-6-P to F1, 6BP (committed step & highly exergonic/NOT reversible)

Step 4

a six carbon sugar is cleaved into two, 3 carbon molecules (why the step is called glyco lysis)

Step 5

• Converts a ketose to an aldose as only Glyceraldehyde 3-P can continue through glycolysis

• entry of fructose in the liver

Step 6

• Gly 3-P is oxidized to a carboxylic acid that is phosphorylated

• NADH is produced

Step 7

• ATP is produced

• substrate level phosphorylation

Steps 8 & 9

transfer the phosphate group to a position higher in energy , so that another ATP can be generated in Step 10

Step 10

ATP is produced

Allosterically Regulated

(+) F1,6 Bis Phosphate

(-) high energy molecules (Acetyl-CoA, ATP, cAMP, alanine

What is the enzyme classification of Glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase?

Oxidoredutases

What is the enzyme classification of Hexokinase?

Tranferases (Hexokinase)

What is the enzyme classification of G-6-P isomerase?

Isomerases

What is the enzyme classification of Enolase?

Lyases

What is the enzyme classification of Phosphofructokinase?

Transferases

What is the enzyme classification of Triose Phosphate isomerase?

Isomerases

What is the enzyme classification of Aldolase?

Lyases

What is the enzyme classification of Phosphoglycerate Kinase?

Transferases

What is the enzyme classification of Phosphoglycerate mutase?

Isomerases

What is the enzyme classification of Pyruvate Kinase?

Transferases

What does pyruvate turn into in aerobic reaction?

Acetyl-SCoA and enters the TCA cycle

What does pyruvate turn into in anaerobic reaction?

Lactate

What does pyruvate turn into in fermentation reaction?

Ethanol

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

in the RBC and exercising muscle

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

in the mitochondria of cells