Studied by 15 people
Motivation
The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
Instinct
Inborn patterns of behavior that are genetically determined rather than learned.
Instinct approaches to motivation
People and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to their survival.
Drive-reduction approaches to motivation
Suggests that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need. ex: lack of water -> organism seeks water
Primary
Indicates physiological, a biological reason
Secondary
Indicates a psychological reason
Homeostasis
The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state, underlies primary drives.
Arousal approaches to motivation
People try to maintain a steady level of stimulation and activity
Incentive approaches to motivation
Suggests that motivation stems from the desire to attain rewards, known as incentives.
Cognitive approaches to motivation
Suggests that motivation is the outcome of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
ex: the degree to which people are motivated to study for a test is based on their expectation of how well studying will pay off in terms of a good grade.
Intrinsic motivation
We participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward.
Extrinsic motivation
We do something for money, a grade, or some actual, concrete reward.
Maslow's Hierarchy
Suggested that before more sophisticated, higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied.
(SELSP)
Self-Actualization
A state of self fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way. Feeling at ease with yourself and satisfied that you are using your talents to the fullest.
Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory
People have the need for 3 basics:
Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness
Obesity
Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a particular height.
What example did Dr. Hinitz use to describe empathy?
Salad forks and tuning forks. Empathy is people being attuned to you.
Hypothalamus
Regulates hunger and monitors glucose levels. Injury affects the weight set point.
Weight set point
The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain
Damage done to this part of the hypothalamus may cause an organism to starve to death.
Lateral hypothalamus
Insulin
Leads the body to store excess sugar in the blood as fats and carbohydrates
Ghrelin
Communicates to the brain feelings of hunger
Karen Carpenter
The first public figure that showed anorexia to the media.
Metabolism
The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body.
Biological reasoning for obesity from an evolutionary standpoint
Some individuals have higher levels of the hormone leptin which makes it difficult to lose weight, but easy to gain weight.
Biological reasoning for obesity regarding fat cells
People are stuck with the number of fat cells they inherit from an early age as any loss of weight past infancy doesn't increase the number of fat cells, just their size.
Weight set point hypothesis
The presence of too many fat cells from earlier weight gain may result in the set point becoming stuck at a higher level than desirable which makes it difficult to lose weight.
Control
The main motivating dynamic for anorexia
Anorexia nervosa
Severe eating disorder where people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual.
Bulimia
An eating disorder in which people binge on large quantities of food and then purge it through vomiting or other means.
Cause of anorexia nervosa and bulimia
Chemical imbalances in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
Could also be attributed to genetic factors where people with anorexia are genetically driven to high levels of physical activity and are predisposed to other conditions like depression.
Need for achievement
Refers to a person's desire to strive for and achieve challenging accomplishments
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Used to measure a person's need for achievement. You project your subconscious onto the story you make up.
Growth mindset
People who believe in fluidity and flexibility. A person with this mindset will challenge themselves to increase their success, even if they fail at first.
Fixed mindset
A mindset where people believe that individual characteristics such as intelligence, talent, and motivation, are set at birth and vary little throughout life.
Need for affiliation
An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.
Need for power
A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as a powerful individual.
Emotions
Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements that influence behavior.
3 Functions of emotions
Preparing us for action
Shaping our future behavior
Helping us interact more effectively with others
James-Lange theory of emotion
We experience emotions as a result of physiological changes that produce specific sensations that are interpreted by the brain as emotion.
ex: you become happier when you smile
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Rejects James-Lange's theory. Suggests that both physiological arousal and the emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus which emanates from the thalamus.
ex: a snake makes you feel fear and makes your heart race
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
We identify the emotion we are experiencing by observing our environment and comparing ourselves with others.
Facial-affect program
The theory that a set of nerve impulses produces a facial display reflecting an emotion that is universal across cultures.
Facial-feedback hypothesis
The hypothesis that facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people experience and label emotions.
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