Contact between China and Europe

When did Christianity come to China?

7th century

which dynasty expelled the Christians?

Ming

What did the Ming Dynasty do to Christians?

closed down all the monasteries and expelled the Christians

when did missionaries return to China?

During the Qing Dynasty

who were the first European visitors to China?

Jesuit missionaries

what did Johan Adam Schall von Bell do?

he was appointed to the court of Emperor Shunzhi and built churches, converting 150 000 Chinese to Catholicism

who made the first Chinese-English Dictionary?

Robert Morrison

What did Robert Morrison do? When?

In 1807, he translated the Bible to Chinese and made the first Chinese-English dictionary

When and who banned Christianity in the Qing Dynasty?

Emperor Daoguang in 1826

What happened to Christians who refused to revoke their Christianity under Emperor Daoguang?

they were banished into Xinjiang given to Muslim rulers as slaves

initially (1557), who was allowed to trade and where?

a small group of Portuguese traders at Macao

who allowed trade with Europe and when?

Emperor Kangxi in 1685

Complete the sentence:

The Chinese stayed ______-____________ and only allowed foreigners to trade with _______

self sufficient, silver

Complete the sentence:

As there was very little demand for European goods, there was a large _______ ________ for Britain

trade deficit

Why did Britain have a trade deficit with China?

Britain really wanted to purchase China’s tea, silk and porcelain, but China was not interested to trade with Europe. Therefore, Britain’s imports were substantially larger than its exports

Why did Lord Macartney come to China?

sent by King George III for a tributary mission (83rd birthday party)

what did Macartney petition to Emperor Qianlong?

to allow trade to expand

What was the response to Macartney after his meeting and why?

He was seen as disrespectful, as he thought he was important enough to speak immediately and directly to the emperor and refused to kowtow. Therefore, Emperor Qianlong rejected his requests

When was the Canton System introduced?

1757

Outline the rules of the Canton system

1. no foreign women or firearms permitted in factories

2. All foreigners must leave Canton after the trading season (Oct-Jan)

3. Captains must register their ships with the Chinese authorities in Macau

4. Foreigners can’t leave 100 yards of their factory

5. Foreign factors can’t employ Chinese maids

6. Foreigners are not permitted to row their boats in the Pearl river

7. Foreigners aren’t permitted to learn Chinese or purchase Chinese books

8. No foreigner is to make direct contact with Chinese people

9. Trade must be conducted via the Hong merchants - no foreigner can directly communicate with private Chinese merchants

10. Hong merchants are not permitted to go into debt to foreigners

Where did foreigners have to stay under the Canton system during the trading season?

the Thirteen Factories at the harbourside

What were the Thirteen Factories called by locals?

Barbarian Houses

Where did foreigners have to stay under the Canton system during the off season?

Macau

Complete the sentence:

Macau was controlled by the _____________

Portuguese

what did the British decide to do to secure trade relations with China?

smuggled in Bengal Opium

how did the British smuggle opium into China?

they bribed officials and distributed free samples to the population

when was opium banned and by who?

in 1796 by Emperor Jiaqing

What did Chinese medical book say about opium?

recommended for diarrhoea, dysentery and some other diseases, but if not used safely, is very deadly

how many addicts were there at the height of the Opium trade?

10 million

what percentage of government officials were opium users?

20-30%

Who was affected by opium?

all classes

Complete the sentence:

From _____-_____, the emperor continuously reapplied a ____ of opium with the issue of _____ _______, to prohibit ________, ________ and ___________ of opium

1821, 1834, ban, eight decrees, smoking, trading, trafficking

When was the death penalty introduced for Chinese drug traffickers?

1838

When did Emperor Daoguang order all British opium to be seized?

1839

who was appointed as imperial commissioner to destroy the opium trade? When?

Lin Zexu, 1839

Who supported the British merchant’s protests against the banning of European-Chinese trade?

Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston

how many Chinese opium dealers were arrested?

Over 1600

how many pipes were confiscated?

over 42 000

what did Lin Zexu do in his attempt to destroy the opium trade?

he closed the port of Canton to all foreign shipping and captured the 350 British inside.

What happened to the British captured inside of Canton in 1839?

they were freed only when the British government agreed to destroy 20 000 chests of opium

what was the British response to being forced to destroy the chests of opium?

demanded financial compensation

what did the British send to seize control of Canton?

a fleet of warships

Complete the sentence:

Chinese wooden _____ stood no chance against British steam powered, iron-hulled ships

junks

complete the sentence:

in _____, the fleet occupied _________ and then went up the Yangtze River towards _________, destroying several coastal towns

1842, Shanghai, Nanking

when did the Canton system end?

1842

who was condemned for the promotion of smuggling opium into China? By who?

Palmerston by Gladstone

Complete the sentence:

British ___________ and some __________ believed that Palmerston was trying to protect an “infamous contraband trade”

newspapers, politicians

What was Palmerston’s response to allegations about his promotion of the Opium trade?

that the Emperor’s prohibition was to keep a Chinese opium monopoly rather than a matter of morality

What was Palmerston’s rallying cry?

“Let us give the Chinese a good thrashing and explain ourselves afterward”

when did the Opium war cease?

29 August 1842

What brought about the end of the opium war?

In a time of weakness, the Chinese agreed to sign the treaty of Nanjing

what is the treaty of Nanjing also called?

unequal treaty

Outline the policies of the Nanjing Treaty

• opened 4 new ports to British shipping

• British were given extraterritoriality rights; Chinese courts in these treaty ports were denied any jurisdiction over British citizens

• forced to pay total of $21 million

• Britain was granted most favored nation status, giving them better trades than any other country

• China paid $9 million in compensation for the opium that had been destroyed

how many new ports opened under the treaty of Nanjing?

4

How many ports were open under the treaty of Nanjing?

5

complete the sentence:

British were given ______________ ______; Chinese courts in these treaty ports were denied any ___________ over British citizens

extraterritoriality rights, jurisdiction

how much were the Chinese forced to pay in total under the treaty of Nanjing?

$21 million

Complete the sentence:

Britain was granted most favoured _____ _____, giving them better _____ than any other country

nation status, trades

What happened in 1844?

France and US took advantage of China, and made similar unequal treaties to the Treaty of Nanjing

what caused the second Opium War?

Chinese authorities reluctance to carry out the policies of the Unequal Treaties

When was the second Opium War?

1856

What marked the end of the second Opium War? When?

Treaty of Tientsin in 1858

how many new ports opened under the Treaty of Tientsin?

11

Outline the policies of the Treaty of Tientsin

• eleven new ports be opened to foreign shipping

• foreigners including Christian missionaries were allowed to travel freely throughout China

• Foreigners weren’t subject to Chinese laws anymore

What policies regarding foreigners where put into action under the Treaty of Tientsin?

They were allowed to travel freely about China and weren’t subject to Chinese laws

What were some positive consequences of contact with Europeans?

• modernisation

• New economic opportunities

• Reform of Qing government

• Chinese emigration worldwide

• trade relations

• cultural awareness

What were some negative consequences of contact with Europeans?

• Defeat in war weakened China military

• Increased opium imports and addiction

• Loss of China's prestige in Asia

• Influx of foreign ideas

• Taiping and other rebellions weaken the Qing dynasty

• Decline in traditional cottage industries

• Territorial losses to Russia

• Concessions made by the unequal treaties

What were the economic impacts of the Opium Wars?

• more treating ports, which meant increase in foreign goods, but decrease in traditional cottage industries

• many more ports across China rather than just in Canton which lead to a mass move

what were the religious impacts of the Opium Wars

• Influx of Christian missionaries from the West in southern China

• Christianity appealed to the many people forced to leave their homes in search of work.

• Tension between Christians and Buddhists & Taoists