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When did Christianity come to China?
7th century
which dynasty expelled the Christians?
Ming
What did the Ming Dynasty do to Christians?
closed down all the monasteries and expelled the Christians
when did missionaries return to China?
During the Qing Dynasty
who were the first European visitors to China?
Jesuit missionaries
what did Johan Adam Schall von Bell do?
he was appointed to the court of Emperor Shunzhi and built churches, converting 150 000 Chinese to Catholicism
who made the first Chinese-English Dictionary?
Robert Morrison
What did Robert Morrison do? When?
In 1807, he translated the Bible to Chinese and made the first Chinese-English dictionary
When and who banned Christianity in the Qing Dynasty?
Emperor Daoguang in 1826
What happened to Christians who refused to revoke their Christianity under Emperor Daoguang?
they were banished into Xinjiang given to Muslim rulers as slaves
initially (1557), who was allowed to trade and where?
a small group of Portuguese traders at Macao
who allowed trade with Europe and when?
Emperor Kangxi in 1685
Complete the sentence:
The Chinese stayed ______-____________ and only allowed foreigners to trade with _______
self sufficient, silver
Complete the sentence:
As there was very little demand for European goods, there was a large _______ ________ for Britain
trade deficit
Why did Britain have a trade deficit with China?
Britain really wanted to purchase China’s tea, silk and porcelain, but China was not interested to trade with Europe. Therefore, Britain’s imports were substantially larger than its exports
Why did Lord Macartney come to China?
sent by King George III for a tributary mission (83rd birthday party)
what did Macartney petition to Emperor Qianlong?
to allow trade to expand
What was the response to Macartney after his meeting and why?
He was seen as disrespectful, as he thought he was important enough to speak immediately and directly to the emperor and refused to kowtow. Therefore, Emperor Qianlong rejected his requests
When was the Canton System introduced?
1757
Outline the rules of the Canton system
no foreign women or firearms permitted in factories
All foreigners must leave Canton after the trading season (Oct-Jan)
Captains must register their ships with the Chinese authorities in Macau
Foreigners can’t leave 100 yards of their factory
Foreign factors can’t employ Chinese maids
Foreigners are not permitted to row their boats in the Pearl river
Foreigners aren’t permitted to learn Chinese or purchase Chinese books
No foreigner is to make direct contact with Chinese people
Trade must be conducted via the Hong merchants - no foreigner can directly communicate with private Chinese merchants
Hong merchants are not permitted to go into debt to foreigners
Where did foreigners have to stay under the Canton system during the trading season?
the Thirteen Factories at the harbourside
What were the Thirteen Factories called by locals?
Barbarian Houses
Where did foreigners have to stay under the Canton system during the off season?
Macau
Complete the sentence:
Macau was controlled by the _____________
Portuguese
what did the British decide to do to secure trade relations with China?
smuggled in Bengal Opium
how did the British smuggle opium into China?
they bribed officials and distributed free samples to the population
when was opium banned and by who?
in 1796 by Emperor Jiaqing
What did Chinese medical book say about opium?
recommended for diarrhoea, dysentery and some other diseases, but if not used safely, is very deadly
how many addicts were there at the height of the Opium trade?
10 million
what percentage of government officials were opium users?
20-30%
Who was affected by opium?
all classes
Complete the sentence:
From _____-_____, the emperor continuously reapplied a ____ of opium with the issue of _____ _______, to prohibit ________, ________ and ___________ of opium
1821, 1834, ban, eight decrees, smoking, trading, trafficking
When was the death penalty introduced for Chinese drug traffickers?
1838
When did Emperor Daoguang order all British opium to be seized?
1839
who was appointed as imperial commissioner to destroy the opium trade? When?
Lin Zexu, 1839
Who supported the British merchant’s protests against the banning of European-Chinese trade?
Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston
how many Chinese opium dealers were arrested?
Over 1600
how many pipes were confiscated?
over 42 000
what did Lin Zexu do in his attempt to destroy the opium trade?
he closed the port of Canton to all foreign shipping and captured the 350 British inside.
What happened to the British captured inside of Canton in 1839?
they were freed only when the British government agreed to destroy 20 000 chests of opium
what was the British response to being forced to destroy the chests of opium?
demanded financial compensation
what did the British send to seize control of Canton?
a fleet of warships
Complete the sentence:
Chinese wooden _____ stood no chance against British steam powered, iron-hulled ships
junks
complete the sentence:
in _____, the fleet occupied _________ and then went up the Yangtze River towards _________, destroying several coastal towns
1842, Shanghai, Nanking
when did the Canton system end?
1842
who was condemned for the promotion of smuggling opium into China? By who?
Palmerston by Gladstone
Complete the sentence:
British ___________ and some __________ believed that Palmerston was trying to protect an “infamous contraband trade”
newspapers, politicians
What was Palmerston’s response to allegations about his promotion of the Opium trade?
that the Emperor’s prohibition was to keep a Chinese opium monopoly rather than a matter of morality
What was Palmerston’s rallying cry?
“Let us give the Chinese a good thrashing and explain ourselves afterward”
when did the Opium war cease?
29 August 1842
What brought about the end of the opium war?
In a time of weakness, the Chinese agreed to sign the treaty of Nanjing
what is the treaty of Nanjing also called?
unequal treaty
Outline the policies of the Nanjing Treaty
opened 4 new ports to British shipping
British were given extraterritoriality rights; Chinese courts in these treaty ports were denied any jurisdiction over British citizens
forced to pay total of $21 million
Britain was granted most favored nation status, giving them better trades than any other country
China paid $9 million in compensation for the opium that had been destroyed
how many new ports opened under the treaty of Nanjing?
4
How many ports were open under the treaty of Nanjing?
5
complete the sentence:
British were given ______________ ______; Chinese courts in these treaty ports were denied any ___________ over British citizens
extraterritoriality rights, jurisdiction
how much were the Chinese forced to pay in total under the treaty of Nanjing?
$21 million
Complete the sentence:
Britain was granted most favoured _____ _____, giving them better _____ than any other country
nation status, trades
What happened in 1844?
France and US took advantage of China, and made similar unequal treaties to the Treaty of Nanjing
what caused the second Opium War?
Chinese authorities reluctance to carry out the policies of the Unequal Treaties
When was the second Opium War?
1856
What marked the end of the second Opium War? When?
Treaty of Tientsin in 1858
how many new ports opened under the Treaty of Tientsin?
11
Outline the policies of the Treaty of Tientsin
eleven new ports be opened to foreign shipping
foreigners including Christian missionaries were allowed to travel freely throughout China
Foreigners weren’t subject to Chinese laws anymore
What policies regarding foreigners where put into action under the Treaty of Tientsin?
They were allowed to travel freely about China and weren’t subject to Chinese laws
What were some positive consequences of contact with Europeans?
modernisation
New economic opportunities
Reform of Qing government
Chinese emigration worldwide
trade relations
cultural awareness
What were some negative consequences of contact with Europeans?
Defeat in war weakened China military
Increased opium imports and addiction
Loss of China's prestige in Asia
Influx of foreign ideas
Taiping and other rebellions weaken the Qing dynasty
Decline in traditional cottage industries
Territorial losses to Russia
Concessions made by the unequal treaties
What were the economic impacts of the Opium Wars?
more treating ports, which meant increase in foreign goods, but decrease in traditional cottage industries
many more ports across China rather than just in Canton which lead to a mass move
what were the religious impacts of the Opium Wars
Influx of Christian missionaries from the West in southern China
Christianity appealed to the many people forced to leave their homes in search of work.
Tension between Christians and Buddhists & Taoists
Note 
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