Facial Bones, CNS, Sinuses

What are the largest immovable facial bones?

maxillary bones

Each maxilla assists in the formation of what three cavities?

1. mouth

2. nasal

3. one orbit

Where would you find maxillary sinuses?

body of maxilla

What is a cleft palate?

an opening between the two palatine processes

What two parts form the zygomatic arch?

posterior portion of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

What are the thinnest and most fragile bones in the entire body?

lacrimal and nasal

Where are the lacrimal bones located?

anteriorly on medial side of each orbit

Where are the nasal bones located?

anterior and superior to frontal process of maxillae

Which of the nasal conchae is part of the facial bones?

inferior nasal conchae

The three nasal conchae divide the nasal cavity into compartments which do what?

clean and warm air before it reaches lungs

Which portion of the palatine bones helps to form the posterior portion of the hard palate?

horizontal portion

This bone, together with the ethmoid bone, forms the nasal septum

vomer

Where at in the facial bones does a deviated septum occur?

vomer

What is the largest moveable facial bone?

mandible

What is the angle of the mandible?

gonion, divides mandible into two main parts

What is the body of the mandible?

area anterior to angle (all the way to other angle)

What is the ramus of the mandible?

area superior to angle

What is the alveolar process?

ridges that extends along entire superior portion of body

What is the mentum?

chin

The optic foramen allow passage for what?

passage of cranial nerves

Where is the optic foramen located?

apex of the orbit

Where is the superior orbital fissure located?

lateral to optic foramen (between greater and lesser wings)

Where is the inferior orbital fissure located?

between maxilla, zygoma, greater wing

What is sphenoid strut?

small root of bone separating the superior orbital fissure and optic canal

What are the two types of joints in the skull?

1. synovial (diarthrodial)

2. fibrous joints (synarthrodial)

What is a tripod fracture?

blow to the cheek resulting in the zygoma being fractured in 3 places

What is a leforte fracture?

severe bilateral horizontal fractures of maxillae

What is a countre-coup fracture?

injury/fracture to one side caused by impact to opposite side

Go through the STAMPSBC list for Lateral Facial Bones:

S - around waist

T - center cell @ 75 kVp

A - no angle

M - correct marker by mandible

P - PT side hugs bucky w/ side of interest closest to board, IPL perp & CR enters mid zygoma

S - 40"

B - suspension

C - 10 x 12 lengthwise

Go through STAMPSBC list for PA Waters facial bones:

S - around waist

T - center cell @ 75 kVp

A - no angle

M - correct marker in bottom corner

P - PT has chin to bucky w/ MML perp, CR exits acanthion

S - 40"

B - suspension

C - 10 x 12 lengthwise

Go through STAMPSBC list for PA Modified Waters facial bones:

S - around waist

T - center cell @ 75 kVp

A - no angle

M - correct marker in bottom corner

P - PT has chin/nose to bucky w/ LML perp, CR exits acanthion

S - 40"

B - suspension

C - 10 x 12 lengthwise

Go through STAMPSBC for PA Caldwell facial bones:

S - around waist

T - center cell @ 75 kVp

A - 15 degree caudad

M - correct marker in bottom corner

P - PT has forehead to board w/ OML perp, CR exits nasion

S - 40"

B - suspension

C - 10 x 12 lengthwise

Go through STAMPSBC list for Lateral Nasal Bones:

S - around waist

T - 3.2 mAs @ 55 kVp

A - no angle

M - correct markers labelling correct side of body

P - PT helps hold cassette to board w/ IOML parallel, CR enters 1/2" below nasion

S - 40"

B - suspension

C - 10 x 12 crosswise, 5 x 7 collimation

Go through STAMPSBC list for Rheese Method (parietoorbital):

S - around waist

T - center cell @ 75 kVp

A - no angle

M - correct marker for correct foramen on correct side

P - PT stands w/ chin, cheek, nose to bucky & eye over crosshairs, AML perp

S - 40"

B - suspension

C - 10 x 12 lengthwise, 7 x 7 collimation

Go through STAMPSBC list for AP Modified Axial Townes:

S - on lap

T - center cell @ 75 kVp

A - 30 caudad (OML), 37 caudad (IOML)

M - correct marker in bottom corner

P - PT seated w/ back to bucky, CR 1" above glabella (through zygoma)

S - 40"

B - suspension

C - 10 x 12 lengthwise

Go through STAMPSBC list for SMV:

S - on lap

T - center cell @ 75 kVp

A - no angle

M - correct marker in top corner

P - PT seated w/ vertex on board, IOML parallel & CR mid zygoma

S - 40"

B - suspension

C - 10 x 12 lengthwise

Go through STAMPSBC list for Oblique Inferosuperior (tangetial):

S - on lap

T - 6 mAs @ 60 kVp

A - no angle

M - correct marker in top corner

P - PT in SMV w/ head 15 degrees toward affected side & chin 15 degrees toward affected side, IOML parallel

S - 40"

B - suspension

C - 10 x 12 lengthwise, 5 x 7 collimation

What is the process leading AWAY FROM the cell body?

axon

What are the processes that conduct impulses TOWARD the cell body?

dendrites

What makes up the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord?

dendrites

What makes up the white matter of the brain and spinal cord?

axons

What is a multipolar neuron?

neuron w/ only one axons and several dendrites

What are the two main divisions of the CNS?

brain and spinal cord

The brain and spinal cord are both enclosed by three protective coverings termed ________

meninges

What are the three meninges from most internal to most external?

1. pia mater

2. arachnoid

3. dura mater

What are the three meningeal spaces?

1. epidural

2. subdural

3. subarachnoid

Where is the epidural space located?

between dura and inner table of skull

Where is the subdural space located?

between dura and arachnoid

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

between arachnoid and pia mater

What is a cisternal puncture done for? Where is it done?

- to introduce anesthesia

- done between C1 and occipital bone

What are the three general divisions of the brain?

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

What are the three divisions of the forebrain?

1. cerebrum

2. thalamus

3. hypothalamus

What is the largest portion of the brain?

cerebrum

What divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?

longitudinal fissure

What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula/central

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum has folds called _____

gyri/gyrus

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum has grooves called ______

sulci/sulcus

What is located deep w/in the longitudinal fissure?

corpus callosum

The cerebral ventricle system is connected w/ the ____________ space

subarachnoid

Where is CSF formed?

lateral ventricles

What color is CSF?

clear

How much CSF is produced a day? How much is actually present?

- 500 mL

- 140 mL

The thalamus serves as an interpretation center for what impulses?

pain, temperature, touch, emotions, memory

What makes up the diencephalon portion of the forebrain?

thalamus and hypothalamus

What are the important body activities that the hypothalamus controls?

homeostasis (ability of the body to stabilize its normal body states)

True/False: the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by the infundibulum

true

The ________ is seen as a short, constricted portion of the upper brain stem connecting the forebrain to the hindbrain

midbrain

What are the three divisions of the hindbrain?

cerebellum, pons, medulla (oblongata)

What connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum?

vermis

What does the cerebellum primarily control?

motor functions such as coordination, posture, balance

What is the bridge between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla?

pons

Where is the medulla located?

level of the foramen magnum

What pass through the medulla?

fiber tracts between brain and spinal cord

What three things does the brain stem include?

midbrain, pons, medulla

What is the pineal gland?

small endocrine gland which aids in regulating certain secretions

What are the other names for the pituitary gland?

master gland, hypophysis

What does the pituitary gland control?

growth and reproductive functions

What is white matter?

tracts which consist of bundles of myelinated axons

What is gray matter?

composed mainly of neuron dendrites and cell bodies

What are cerebral nuclei also called?

basal ganglia

What are the four specific groupings of cerebral nuclei?

1. caudate nucleus

2. lentiform nucleus

3. claustrum

4. amygdaloid nucleus

Olfactory =

smell

Optic =

vision

What are sinuses?

large, air-filled cavities lined w/ mucous membranes

How many maxillary sinuses are there?

2

How many frontal sinuses are there?

usually 2

How many ethmoid sinuses are there?

many

How many sphenoid sinuses are there?

1 or 2

Which of the sinuses are visible at birth?

maxillary

Which of the sinuses can be seen around age 6 or 7?

frontal and sphenoid

When are all sinuses fully developed?

late teen years

Which of the sinuses is the largest?

maxillary

True/False: the maxillary sinuses are always paired and fairly uniform in size and shape

true

True/False: the frontal sinuses are rarely uniform in size and shape

true

Are the frontal sinuses larger in men or in women?

men

Where are the ethmoid sinuses located?

within the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone

What are the three groups of the ethmoid sinuses?

anterior, middle, posterior

True/False: if you see sphenoid effusion usually means there's a basal skull fracture

true

What is the osteomeatal complex?

drainage pathways of the frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses

What is the order in which the maxillary sinuses drain?

1.) infundibulum drains into 2.) middle nasal meatus which drains into 3.) inferior nasal meatus