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Cells
are the structural units of all living things.
Nucleus
control center of the cell; contains genetic material.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
needed for building proteins, necessary for cell reproduction.
Nuclear Envelope
consists of a double membrane that bounds the nucleus.
Nuclear Pores
allow for exchange of materials with the rest of the cell.
Nucleoplasm
jellylike fluid that encloses the nucleus.
Nucleolus
sites of ribosome assembly; ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores to serve as the site of protein synthesis.
Chromatin
scattered throughout the nucleus and present when the cell is not dividing.
Chromosomes
rod-like bodies that form during cell division; comes from the chromatin.
Plasma Membrane
transparent barrier for cell contents; separate cells from surrounding external environment.
Fluid Mosaic Model
constructed of phospholipids that are connected “tail to tail”.
Glycolipids
sugar groups attaching to the phospholipids.
Cholesterol and Protein
scattered around phospholipids.
Hydrophilic Polar “Heads”
are oriented in the inner and outer surface of the membrane.
Hydrophobic Polar “Tails”
are oriented in the center of the membrane.
Proteins
receptors for hormones and other chemical messenger, transport as channels or carriers; responsible for enzymes.
Glycoproteins
are branched sugars attached to proteins that abut extracellular space.
Glycocalyx
is the fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell’s surface.
Tight Junctions
impermeable junctions; binds cell together into leakproof sheets.
Desmosomes
anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart as a result of mechanical stress.
Gap Junctions
allow communication between cells.
Cytoplasm
the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane; site of most cellular activities.
Cytosol
fluid that suspends other elements and contains nutrients and electrolytes.
Inclusions
chemical substances, such as stored nutrients, that float in the cytosol.
Organelles
metabolic machinery of the cell that performs functions for the cell.
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell; carry out reactions in which oxygen is used to break down food into ATP molecules.
Ribosomes
made out of protein and rRNA; sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
fluid-filled tunnels that carry substances within the cells.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins; transport vesicles and moves proteins within the cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
lacks ribosomes; functions in lipid metabolism; detoxification of drugs and pesticides.
Golgi Apparatus
appears as a stacked, flattened membranes with tiny vesicles; modifies and packages proteins coming from the rough ER.
Pathway 1
Secretory Vesicles
Pathway 2
In-House Proteins and Lipids
Pathway 3
Lysosomes
Lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes; house phagocytes that dispose of bacteria and cell debris.
Peroxisomes
contain oxidase enzymes; detoxify harmful substances like alcohol and formaldehyde; replicate by pinching in half or budding from the ER.
Cytoskeleton
network of protein structures that extends in the cytoplasm; internal framework of the cell.
Microfilaments
form the blue bat-like network; involved in muscle contractions.
Intermediate Filaments
form the purple network surrounding the pink nucleus; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell.
Microtubules
appear as gold networks surrounding the cell’s pink nuclei; supports the cell and gives its shape.
Centrioles
generate microtubules; direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division; storage for nutrients and wastes.
Cilia
moves material across the cell surface; located in the respiratory system to move mucus.
Flagella
propel the cell
Microvilli
increase surface area for absorption; finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane.
Fibroblasts
secrets cable-like fibers.
Erythrocytes
carries oxygen in the blood stream.
Epithelial Cell
packs together in sheets; intermediate fibers resist tearing during rubbing or pulling.
Skeletal Muscle and Smooth Muscle Cells
contractile filaments allows cells to shorten forcefully.
Fat Cells
lipid droplets stored in cytoplasm.
White Blood Cells
digests infectious microorganisms.
Neuron
or nerve cells; receive and transmit messages to other body structures.
Oocytes
largest cell in the body; divides to become an embryo upon fertilization.
Sperms
built for swimming towards the egg cells; flagellum acts as the motile whip.
Solution
homogeneous mixture of two or more components.
Solvent
dissolving medium present in larger quantity.
Solutes
components of smaller quantities in a mixture.
Intracellular Fluid
nucleoplasm and cytosol; solution containing gases, nutrients, and salts dissolved in water.
Extracellular Fluid
interstitial fluid; contains thousands of ingredients.
Passive Process
substances are transported across the membrane without any input from the cell.
Active Process
the cell provides ATP to drive transport process.
Diffusion
molecule movement is from high concentration to low concentration; particles distribute evenly; kinetic energy causes molecules to move randomly.
Simple Diffusion
an unassisted process; solutes are lipid-soluble or small enough to pass through membrane pores.
Osmosis
simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Isotonic Solutions
have the same solute and water concentrations as cells and cause no visible changes in the cell.
Hypertonic Solutions
contain more solutes than cells do; the cell will begin to shrink.
Hypotonic Solutions
contain less solutes than cells do; the cell will become plump.
Facilitated Diffusion
transports lipid-insoluble and large substance.
Filtration
water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure.
Active Transport
amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carries called solute pumps.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
necessary for nerve impulses; sodium is transported out of the cell; potassium is transported into the cell.
Vesicular Transport
substances are moved across the membrane in bulk without actually crossing the plasma membrane.
Exocytosis
mechanism cells use to actively secrete hormones, mucus, and other products.
Vesicle
a sac that carries materials and migrates to and combines with the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis
extracellular substances are enclosed in a vesicle; vesicle detaches from the plasma membrane and moves into the cell then fuses with lysosomes.
Phagocytosis
“cell eating”; cell engulfs large particles such as bacteria and dead body cells; a protective mechanism, not a means of getting nutrients.
Pseudopods
are cytoplasmic extensions that separate substances from the external environment.
Pinocytosis
“cell drinking”; cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved proteins and fats.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
method for taking up specific target molecules.
Cell Life Cycle
is a series of changes the cell experiences from time it is formed until it is divided.
Interphase
or also the metabolic phase; cell grows and it is the longest phase.
Cell Division
cell divides itself.
DNA Replication
genetic material is duplicated and readies the cell for division; occurs towards the end of interphase.
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Mitosis
division of the nucleus.
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm; begins during anaphase and ends during telophase.
Prophase
chromatin coils into chromosomes; centromere holds chromatids together; centrioles direct the assembly of mitotic spindle; nucleus envelope and nucleoli have broken down.
Metaphase
chromosomes are aligned at the center of the cell; straight line of chromosomes can be seen.
Anaphase
centromere splits; chromatids move slowly apart.
Telophase
reverse of prophase; chromosomes uncoil to become chromatins, spindles break down and disappear.
Cleavage Furrow
forms to pinch the cells into two parts.
Gene
DNA segment that carries out the blueprint for building one protein or polypeptide chain.
Fibrous Proteins
building materials of cells.
Globular Proteins
can act as enzymes.
RNA
single-stranded; contains ribose sugar and has uracil instead of thymine.
Transfer RNA
transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building protein.
Ribosomal RNA
helps the ribosomes where the proteins are built.
Messenger RNA
carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome.
Transcription
transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complementary base sequence of mRNA.
Translation
base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to amino acid sequence.