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What is co-morbidity?
Many disorders occur alongside another disorder
How do sociologists examine mental illness?
Examine mental illness from a group perspective
Do certain groups suffer from mental illness more than other groups?
Examine what social factors or conditions are related to mental health and illness
Broad definition of mental illness
any experience or behavior that results in mental suffering or mental dysfunction
Narrow definition of mental illness
Clear, highly specific behaviors that are undesirable
What are the 3 criteria to define mental illness from a clinical perspective?
Condition that is primarily psychological and that alters behavior, including changes in physiological functioning
In its “full blown” state is associated with subjective stress, a generalized impairment in social functioning, and behavior that one would like to stop
Is different from other conditions and responds to treatment
What are the 3 criteria that must be met to establish cause and effect?
Association: there must be a relationship between what is causing the outcome and the outcome itself or the effect
Non-spuriousness: Must eliminate other explanations or influential factors
Temporal order: the cause that must come before the effect in time
Primitive cultures believed mental illness to be the result of 1 of 4 possibilities
A person was sick because they lost a vital substance from their body
Had a foreign substance introduced into their body
Had violated a taboo and were being punished
Were victims of witchcraft
What is gene therapy?
Gene therapy is a technique that modifies a person's genes to treat or cure disease
Social Stratification
The structured ranking of groups that are arranged in a hierarchy, based on a social status
Social inequality
The unequal distribution of wealth, power and prestige among members of a society
Income
Consists of salary or wages
Prestige
The honor people are given because of their membership in certain social groups
Wealth
Material assets, investments, and property. Wealth, unlike income, can be passed down from parent
Power
The ability to exercise one’s will over others
SES
A measure of an individual’s place within a social class system
Social Causation
Economic disadvantage, environmental and social problems, and stress are associated with a low SES, which is associated to the development of psychological disorders
Social selection
Genetic or environmental factors lead to psychiatric disorders, which leads to a “downward drift” in SES
Johnson et al: Which disorders were found to support causation?
Anxiety, depression, disruptive and personality disorders
Johnson et al. Which disorders were found to support selection?
Disruptive disorders and substance abuse disorders
What are the three components of the Stress Process Model
Sources of stress or stressors
Mediators of stress and/or moderators of stress
Manifestations of stress or stress outcomes
Define mediator
variables that link the stressors with the outcome
Define moderator
the other variables that might reduce the impact of stress on illness or increase the impact of stress on illness
What are discrete/life events?
Occurrence of discrete events and continuous problems or chronic strains that occur as part of social roles
Examples of discrete/life events
Number of events
Impact
Desirability
Was event scheduled
What are chronic strains?
Poverty, continued unemployment, marital dissatisfaction, ongoing poor health
What are the resources people use to defend against stress from life events and strains?
Moderating/mediating resources
Social Support
Access to and utilizing family, friends, other groups and organizations to help combat stress
Coping
Modification of the situation; modification of the meaning of the problem/event/strain; management of symptoms
Mastery
How much people see themselves as being in control of their lives
Self-esteem:
Judgment one makes about his/her self-worth
What is instrumental support?
The ability of others to provide help, such as financial resources or time
What is emotional support?
Relations characterized by love, caring, trust, and intimacy
What is the Id?
fulfills the pleasure principle
What is ego?
fulfills the reality principle
What is superego?
Develops as children internalize parental values. It is a part of the personality that is ideal
What 3 sources do the ego’s defenses come from?
The id goes into overdrive to the point that it overpowers the ego to achieve gratification
The superego punishes the ego because it did not control the id through guilt
External danger that threatens the ego
What is the Antipsychiatric Model?
Mental disorder is not an illness
Mental illness is a behavior
What is quantitative research?
Involves a numerical data, or data that is quantifiable
Qualitative
involve work with non-numerical data such as narratives, diaries, field notes from observations, interviews, photographs, or videos
Be familiar with the 6 steps of the scientific method
Define the problem
Review the literature
Formulate the hypothesis
Select a research design
Collect and analyze data
Develop a conclusion
Define hypothesis
A theoretical statement about the relationship between two or more variables
Independent variable
Causes or influences the change in the dependent variable
Dependent variable
Are changed or caused by an independent variable
Survey
A study in the form of a questionnaire that provides researchers with information about how people think and act
Experiments
conducted in an artificially created lab that allows for the manipulation of variables
Secondary analysis
A secondary analysis refers to a research technique that makes use of previously and publicly available information and data. It can be qualitative or quantitative
What are the 3 types of surveys?
Random sampling: Every member of the population being studied has the same chance of being selected
Convenience sample: Sample from people who are available at a certain time
Snowball sampling: Recruit participants by word of mouth or through postings on a bulletin board or on the internet
Difference between control group and experimental group
Control group: does not receive any type of manipulation/treatment
Experimental group: receives treatment/manipulation
Convenience sample
Sample from people who are available at a certain time
Random sample
Every member of the population being studied has the same chance of being selected
What is the most common diagnosed disorder in the US?
Anxiety disorder
What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Stems from experience with or exposure to an extremely traumatic eventa
What are dissociative disorders
Involve a sudden and temporary loss of motor behavior, consciousness, or identity
What disorders included in Cluster A
Paranoid personality
Schizoid personality
Schizotypal personality
What disorders included in Cluster B
Antisocial personality
Borderline personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
What disorders included in Cluster B
Avoidant personality disorder
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive
7 Phases - Alienation from Place 1/7
Alienation from one’s role and position in one’s social network or networks
7 phases - Recognizing Symptoms 2/7
Person and others can only recognize that there is a psychological disturbance by the presence or absence of symptoms
Once the person cannot control the symptoms through personal efforts = realization of being mentally ill becomes more likely
7 phases - Disorder as a way to cope 3/7
The disorder will likely direct how the person copes because the disorder has more control over the person’s thoughts and feelings
7 Phases - The definitive outburst 4/7
Person who is mentally ill openly expresses their definition of the situation
When others do not understand the behavior of the person with the disorder = person will be labeled as mentally ill
7 phases - Rendering of accounts 5/7
Mentally ill person offering an explanation for this or her behavior
7 phases - the paradox of normalcy 6/7
The mental disorder is ongoing and the person’s remedial or negative accounts are rejected by others
The disorder becomes normal- or normal for the one with the mental illness
7 Phases - Removal from place 7/7
Removal occurs when the mentally ill person’s behavior becomes very disruptive or harmful and dangerous
The mentally ill person may leave their place and move to a new place, or they may voluntarily seek inpatient psychiatric care
Structural
Large-scale societal processes affect entire groups in society
Agency
People choose their behaviors based on their situation. Focuses on social interactions
Egoistic
Divorce, loss of social network from divorce, loss of kids
Most common in the US
Anomic
Sudden change occurs where ones values and norms change and life becomes drastically different
Sudden loss of wealth
Altruistic
Social failure or bringing shame to one’s self and family can prompt suicide
Common in Japan
Brenner Provocation hypothesis
Vulnerability
Brenner uncovering hypothesis
Exposed
Labeling theory: What is primary deviance?
A person acts differently, but it is not seen as characteristic of that person
Labeling theory: Secondary deviance
Person continues to behave in ways that violate social norms to the point that the person is seen as that behavior, or a deviant
What is the Social Learning Perspective?
Mental disorder is viewed as learned behaviors that form as a result of trying to cope with a adapt to one’s environment
Note 
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