PANCREATIC HORMONES

pancreas

• for digestion of food

• cellular nutrition

food digestion

exocrine function of the pancreas

cellular nutrition

endoocrine function of the pancreas

nutrient absorption

• pancreas

• cellular nutrition

cellular storage

• pancreas

• cellular nutrition

metabolism

• pancreas

• cellular nutrition

duodenum

• anatomy

• located within the bend of the _

• anatomy

• extends posterior to the stomach

bile duct

• anatomy

• merges with the _

sympathetic

• anatomy

• innervated by _ neurons

parasympathetic

• anatomy

• innervated by _ neurons

sensory

• anatomy

• innervated by _ neurons

head

part of the pancreas

body

part of the pancreas

tail

part of the pancreas

celiac artery

• blood supply

• mostly _

superior mesenteric artery

• blood supply

• posterior lobe from _

acini

• histology

• enzyme-producing cells of exocrine pancreas

islets of langerhans

• histology

• endocrine glands

• comprises 1-1.5% of total pancreatic mass

insulin

• pancreatic hormone

• produced in ß cells

golgi bodies

• pancreatic hormone

• _: proinsulin -> insulin

31

length of insulin beta-chain

3-5 minutes

• endogenous insulin

• half-life

insulinases

• endogenous insulin

• degraded by _ in liver, kidney and placenta

liver

• endogenous insulin

• single pass through the _ removes ~50%

basal

• insulin secretion

• 10µU/mL (0.4ng/mL)

<80-100

• insulin secretion

• plasma glucose _ mg/dL does not stimulate secretion

peak

• insulin secretion

• 60ng/mL

ingested meals

• peak insulin secretion

• _ → major stimuli

glucose

• peak insulin secretion

• most potent stimulant

metabolism

• insulin detection

• ß cells detect glucose through _

calcium influx

• insulin detection

• _ -> insulin secretion

glucose

• insulin regulation

• stimulant of insulin release

leucine

• insulin regulation

• stimulant of insulin release

• amino acid

vagal stimulation

• insulin regulation

• stimulant of insulin release

• neural

acetylcholine

• insulin regulation

• stimulant of insulin release

• neural

sulfonylureas

• insulin regulation

• stimulant of insulin release

• drugs

meglitinides

• insulin regulation

• stimulant of insulin release

• drugs

catecholamines

• insulin regulation

• inhibitor of insulin release

• alpha-adrenergenic

somatostatin

• insulin regulation

• inhibitor of insulin release

• humoral

thiazides

• insulin regulation

• inhibitor of insulin release

• drugs

beta-blockers

• insulin regulation

• inhibitor of insulin release

• drugs

clonidine

• insulin regulation

• inhibitor of insulin release

• drugs

phenytoin

• insulin regulation

• inhibitor of insulin release

• drugs

vinblastine

• insulin regulation

• inhibitor of insulin release

• drugs

colchicine

• insulin regulation

• inhibitor of insulin release

• drugs

GLUT-4

• insulin action

• insulin causes the production/expression of _

glucose transport

• insulin action

• function of GLUT-4

cell surface

• insulin action

• with GLUT-4 on the _, glucose enters

muscle

• insulin action

• insulin and GLUT-4 are dependent on _ cells

adipose

• insulin action

• insulin and GLUT-4 are dependent on _ cells

storage

• metabolic pathway of insulin

• promote _ of ingested nutrients

inhibits

• metabolic pathway of insulin

• paracrine effects

• insulin directly _ α cells

inhibits

• metabolic pathway of insulin

• paracrine effects

• somatostatin also _ α cells

appetite

• metabolic pathway of insulin

• brain

• decreases _

energy expenditure

• metabolic pathway of insulin

• brain

• increased _

anabolism

• liver effects

• increase _

glycogen synthesis

• increased anabolism

• increased _

glycogen storage

• increased anabolism

• increased _

glycogen breakdown

• increased anabolism

• decreased _

100-110 g

• increased anabolism

• max storage of _ glycogen

protein synthesis

• increased anabolism

• increased _

triglyceride synthesis

• increased anabolism

• increased _

VLDL synthesis

• increased anabolism

• increased _

catabolism

• liver effects

• decreased _

hepatic glycogenolysis

• decreased catabolism

• decreased _

ketogenesis

• decreased catabolism

• decreased _

gluconeogenesis

• decreased catabolism

• decreased _

protein synthesis

• muscle effects

• increased _

AA transport

• increased protein synthesis

• increased _

glycogen synthesis

• muscle effects

• increased _

500-600g

• muscle effects

• _ of glycogen in a 70kg man

gluconeogenesis

why can’t muscle cells go into the bloodstream?

glucose

in the bloodstream, glycogen has to be converted back to _

glucose-6-phosphatase

muscle cells do not have _ for glucose-6-phosphate

triglyceride storage

• adipose effects

• increased _

lipoprotein lipase

• increased triglyceride storage

• increased _ production

hydrolysis

lipoprotein lipase production leads to the _ of triglycerides from circulation

glucose transport

• increased triglyceride storage

• increased _ into fat cells

intracellular lipolysis

• increased triglyceride storage

• decreased _ of stored TAGs

gluconeogenesis

• adipose effects

• lowers hepatic _

ketogenesis

• adipose effects

• lowers hepatic _

insulin signaling

• brain effects

• _ in hypothalamus

appetite

• brain effects

• decreased _

energy expenditure

• brain effects

• increased _

AMPK

• enzyme

• individual cell’s mechanism to sense and respond to local energy state

independent

• AMPK

• insulin-_ regulation of nutrient metabolism

AMP

• AMPK 1

• rise in intracellular _ activates AMPK

catabolic

• AMPK 2

• activated AMPK increases _ pathways

synthetic

• AMPK 2

• activated AMPK decreases _ pathways

ATP

• AMPK 3

• increased catabolic and decreased synthetic pathways increase _

increase sensitivity

AMPKs can _ to insulin

brain

AMPKs are located in the _

MTOR

• AMPK

• _ causes protein synthesis

decreases growth

• AMPK

• increased protein synthesis _

GLUT-1

• glucose transport proteins

• present in all human tissues

basal

• GLUT-1

• _ glucose uptake

high affinity

• GLUT-1

• _ for glucose

blood brain barrier

• GLUT-1

• found in _

continuously transport

• why is glucose affinity high for GLUT-1

• _ glucose even when glucose concentration is low