no more repeats of agricultural

Portugal and Spain

Europeans “rediscovered” the Americas during the great period of maritime exploration known as the Age of Discovery (or the Age of Exploration), in the 15th and 16th centuries. Which two European countries began colonizing the Americas?

Haiti and the Dominican Republic

By 1512 the Spanish had occupied the larger Caribbean islands. The first Spanish towns were established on the island of Hispaniola. Which two countries currently make up the Island of Hispaniola?

The House of Trade

To regulate its American empire, Spain created two organizations, one dealt with commerce and the second was the Council of the Indies to make laws. What was the term used to describe the organization which dealt with commerce?

Encomienda system

Under the Spanish colonialism was a controversial system which can be described as an arrangement in which the government entrusted the care of the Indigenous people in a particular area to a conquistador, official, or other Spaniard. It was in fact a system in which Indigenous people were forced to work in the mines, farms, and ranches. What is the term used to describe this system?

Treaty of Tordesillas

On June 7, 1494, the governments of Spain and Portugal agreed to a treaty which neatly divided the “New World” of the Americas between the two superpowers. Spain gained the most from this treaty, with all of North America and nearly all of South America being given to it. What is the name of this treaty?

The Iberian Empires

The Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires in the Americas were characterized by a focus on extractive industries, particularly mining and agriculture, and by the forced labor of millions of indigenous and African peoples. What were these empires often known as?

Spain

This European power dominated the Americas in the early years of colonization, particularly in Central and South America. However, over time, other European powers, particularly France, England, and Portugal, established colonies and exerted influence in the region. Who was this power?

Tenochtitlan

This Aztec capital city was conquered by the Spanish in 1521. This city, located on an island in the middle of a lake, was one of the largest and most sophisticated in the world at the time of the conquest. What was the name of this city?

Peru

This country uses the sol as its official currency. At its introduction in 1991, the currency was officially called nuevo sol ("new sol"), but on November 13, 2015, the country's Congress voted to rename the currency simply sol. Which country is this?

Ecuador

The Galapagos Islands is a volcanic archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. It's considered one of the world's foremost destinations for wildlife-viewing. Its isolated terrain shelters a diversity of plant and animal species, many found nowhere else. Charles Darwin visited in 1835, and his observation of Galapagos' species later inspired his theory of evolution. Which country is the Galapagos islands part of ?

California

This U.S. state was originally mistakenly thought to be an island when the Spanish began exploration. The most likely origin of this state’s name is from a 16th century Spanish novel.

Pre-Columbian or Pre-Hispanic period

What term do historians use to refer to Latin America for the period before European colonization?

The Colonial Period

What term do historians use to refer to Latin America from the period after European colonization and until the independence of Latin American countries?

The National Period

What term do historians use to refer to Latin America after the independence of Latin American countries?

The Amazon River

This river flows through Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Guyana. It is also the largest river in South America. What is the name of this river?

Chile

The Atacama Desert is one of the driest places on earth with a landscape of surreal beauty. Some parts of the region have never received a drop of rain. Which country can the Atacama Desert be found in?

The Andes Mountains

This mountain range runs along the western coast of South America and stretches over 7,000 kilometers (4,300 miles) from Venezuela in the north to Chile and Argentina in the south, making them the longest continental mountain range in the world. What is the name of this mountain range?

Iguazu Falls

This famous waterfall system is located on the border of Brazil and Argentina. It is a system of 275 waterfalls that span nearly 3 kilometers along a river in which it gets its name from. It’s considered one of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world. What is the name of this waterfall system?

The Galapagos Islands

The unique geography and isolation of these Islands has led to the evolution of numerous endemic species, including giant tortoises, marine iguanas, and blue-footed boobies. What is the name of these islands?

Bolivia

This Latin American country is known for its large salt flats and the Salar de Uyuni.The Salar de Uyuni is the world’s largest salt flat. What is the name of this country?

The Ring of Fire

This geologically active region surrounding the Pacific Ocean that includes many Latin American countries, such as Chile and Peru. It is characterized by frequent earthquakes, volcanic activity, and tsunamis, which have significant impacts on the region s geography and environment. What is the name of this region?

Cauto

This is the longest river in Cuba, as well as the longest river in the Caribbean. Located in the southeast of the island, it is one of two navigable rivers in Cuba. Rice, sugarcane, tobacco, and cattle are the primary agricultural beneficiaries of this river. What is the name of this river?

Capybara

This mammal is the world’s largest known rodent. It grows to about four feet long and two feet tall and can weigh up to 160 pounds. It lives in the plains and forests of South America and is very social and known as good swimmers.

Hurricane María

What deadly Category 5 hurricane devastated the Caribbean Islands of Dominican, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico in September 2017? It is considered the worst natural disaster to affect those Islands. President Trump has been criticized for the slow U.S. response in addressing the disaster is the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico?

Parícutin

What is the name of the volcano that appeared suddenly in a cornfield near the city of Uruapan in the Mexican state of Michocán in 1943? Its appearance allowed scientists the opportunity to study the full life cycle of a volcano. By 1952, its eruption covered an area of 90 square miles with rocks, lava, and ash and two towns were completely covered.

Quetzal

This brightly colored tropical bird is approximately 13 inches in length. Its name derives from Nauhautl and means “large brilliant tail feather.” It is the national bird of Guatemala. What is the name of this bird?

Natural Rubber

This substance is harvested from a tree and can be used to make hard, bouncy objects. The first known use of it was by the Olmec in mesoamerica and it would be used to make balls to be used in mesoamerican ball games. In 1839 Charles Goodyear created a process called vulcanization and it soon came to be used for tires as automobiles became popular beginning in the late 19th century. What is the name of this substance?

Cacao

What is the name of the tree whose seeds have been used for thousands of years in Mesoamerican civilizations, often being fermented and used in drinks, foods, and as currency. One example of how this seed is currently still used in traditional cooking includes Mole from Central Mexico.

Arepas

What thick, flat, circular cuisine is made from maize (corn) flour and was developed by indigenous populations in the region of modern day Colombia and Venezuela? It is still very popular and is a symbol of national identity in both countries

Tamales

Throughout many parts of Latin America, this maize (corn)-based meal is filled with different food items and wrapped in a corn husk or in banana leaves. In some parts, rice or potatoes are used as the base instead of maize. What is the general term for this meal?

Nacatamales

Larger than a tamale, this cuisine is made of maize dough and generally filled with pork, potatoes, bell peppers, rice, olives, raisins, and capers. It is a national dish in Nicaragua and they are also popular in Honduras.

Mole

This dish is often called a symbol of Mexico’s mestizaje, as it combines ingredients from indigenous America, Europe, and Africa, though its base is nahuatl in origin. It often uses chocolate, chiles, and various other spices to create sauce used to cook meats. Both Oaxaca and Puebla claim to be the originators of the sauce. What is the name of this famous dish?

Empanadas

This pastry can be baked or fried and is often filled with meats, cheeses, and vegetables. The name of this food comes from the spanish word that means “wrapped in bread” and is eaten throughout Latin America. What is the name of this dish?

Coffee

This bean was cultivated throughout the Americas after it was brought to the continent during colonization. The bean thrived in tropical settings and became a major commodity for Latin American countries. What is the name of this bean?

Popocatepetl, Iztaccihuatl, and Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba)

Name two of the three largest volcanoes in Mexico. These three are all located in Central Mexico, between Mexico City and the port of Veracruz and have Nahuatl names.

Turkey

This ground bird is native to the American continent. Its meat is a popular dish and is famously eaten during a holiday in the United States. There are many different names for this bird, including Chompipe, Guajolote, Chumpe, and Guanajo. What is the english name for this bird?

Lake Nicaragua

What Central American lake is one of the largest in the world and was originally desired to create a canal that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the middle of the Americas? This freshwater lake is also well known for bull sharks who swim through connecting rivers in order to reach the lake from the ocean.

El Salvador and Nicaragua

Central America is in the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region with much volcanic activity. Which two Central American countries are often referred to as the Land of Volcanoes?

Moctezuma II

He was the ninth ruler of the Aztec Empire, which existed in central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century. He is best known for his encounter with the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes in 1519, which led to the downfall of the Aztec Empire. What was the name of this Aztec ruler at the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico?

Southern Chile and Argentina

The Mapuche people are an indigenous group who have a rich culture and history that dates back thousands of years, and they are known for their resistance to colonialism and their ongoing struggles for autonomy and land rights. The Mapuche people are indigenous to which modern-day country?

The Nahua people

These people are the largest indigenous group in Mexico, and they have a long and complex history that dates back to pre-Columbian times. They are known for their impressive civilizations, such as the Aztecs and the Toltecs, as well as their rich cultural traditions, such as the Day of the Dead and their own language. What is the name of this indigenous group?

Long Count calendar

The ancient Mayan calendar system was used by the Maya civilization from the 3rd century BCE to the 9th century CE. This calendar is based on a system of cycles and intervals, and it was used for astronomical and religious purposes, as well as for keeping track of time. What is the name of the ancient Mayan calendar system?

Peru

The Inca Empire was a vast and powerful civilization that existed from the 13th to the 16th century. The Incas were known for their impressive engineering feats, such as their elaborate road system and their terraced agriculture, as well as their rich cultural traditions, such as their language, Quechua, and their religious practices. The Inca Empire was centered in which modern-day country?

The Quechua people

These people are the largest indigenous group in the Andean region of South America, and they have a long and complex history that dates back to pre-Columbian times. They are known for their impressive civilizations, such as the Inca Empire, as well as their rich cultural traditions, such as their language, music, and textiles. What is the name of the largest indigenous group in the Andean region of South America?

The Zapotec people

These people are an indigenous group who live in southern Mexico, particularly in the state of Oaxaca. They are known for their vibrant textiles and handicrafts, as well as their impressive archaeological sites, such as the ancient city of Monte Alban. What is the name of this indigenous group in Mexico?

The Yanomami people

These people are an indigenous group who live in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil and Venezuela. They are known for their communal houses called malocas, which are large, circular structures made of wood and thatch. They have a rich culture and history that is closely tied to their environment, and they have faced many challenges in recent years due to mining, deforestation, and disease. What is the name of these indigenous people.?

Atahualpa

This Inca emperor ruled at the time of the Spanish conquest of Peru. He was captured and executed by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1533.What was his name?

Chichen Itza

This famous Mayan site in Mexico features a massive pyramid known as "El Castillo". It is located on the Yucatan Peninsula and was a major center of Mayan civilization from the 9th to the 13th century. What is this site's name?

The Otomi people

This indigenous group in Mexico that is known for their colorful textiles and intricate embroidery. They are primarily located in central Mexico and have a rich cultural history that dates back thousands of years. What is the name of this indigenous group?

Monte Alban

This ancient city in Mexico was built by the Zapotec civilization and features impressive stone buildings and plazas. It was a major political and religious center of the Zapotec people and was inhabited from about 500 BCE to 750 CE. What is this ancient city's name?

Nazca Lines

This famous archaeological site in Peru features a large collection of mysterious, geometric lines carved into the desert floor. It was created by the Nazca culture between 500 BCE and 500 CE, and their purpose is still a subject of debate among archaeologists. What is the name of this famous archaeological site?

the Aymara people

This indigenous group in Bolivia who are known for their distinctive bowler hats and colorful clothing. They are primarily located in the highlands of Bolivia, Peru, and Chile, and have a rich cultural history that dates back to pre-Columbian times. What is the name of this indigenous group?

Moctezuma II

This famous Aztec ruler was known for his military conquests and his massive palace complex in Mexico City. He ruled the Aztec Empire from 1502 until his capture and eventual death at the hands of the Spanish conquistadors in 1520. What was the name of this famous Aztec ruler?

The Muisca people

This indigenous group in Colombia are known for their elaborate gold jewelry and other intricate metalwork. They inhabited the central highlands of Colombia from about 600 CE to the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. What is the name of this indigenous group?

The Maya civilization

This ancient civilization in Central America was known for their impressive pyramids and intricate hieroglyphs. They inhabited the region from about 2000 BCE to 1500 CE and were known for their advanced writing system, art, and architecture. What is the name of this ancient civilization?

The Kayapo people

This indigenous group in Brazil are known for their intricate body painting and ornate feather headdresses. They inhabit the Amazon rainforest in Brazil and have a rich cultural history that is closely tied to their environment. What is the name of this indigenous group?

The Miskitos

Which is the largest indigenous people who live in the Caribbean coastal lowlands of Nicaragua and Honduras?

Olmec

What is the name of the oldest known Mesoamerican civilizations? It was located in the contemporary Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco and flourished from 1500 B.C.E to 500 B.C.E.. This civilization had a profound impact on later mesoamerican civilizations.

Pachamama

What Andean goddess is seen as the earth mother? She is a fertility goddess who oversees planting, harvesting and she embodies the mountains. She is important in the worldview of indigenous people of the Andes and embodies the four principles that includes water, earth, sun, and moon.

Quetzalcoatl

What god in Mesoamerican culture is known as the feathered serpent? He is the god of wind, air, and learning.

Machu Picchu

What 15th Century Incan estate located on a mountain ridge, nearly 8,000 feet high in Cusco region of southern Peru? For hundreds of years, Spaniards and other Europeans did not know about its existence. In 1983 it was declared a World Heritage Site by the United Nations.

Tlaloc

What Mexica/Aztec god was known as the god of rain? This god was also associated with fertility and water.

Tonantzin

What Mexica/Aztec goddess was known as the mother goddess? In Nahuatl, her name means “sacred mother.” In the Spanish colonization, the shrine to her was destroyed and replaced with one to the Virgin Mary.

Codex or Codicies

What is the name of the books that were written in Nahuatl in the pre-colombia and the early colonial period? These books detailed the history and cultures of indigenous peoples of mesoamerica. While the Spanish destroyed many of these, approximately 500 have survived.

Simon Bolivar

This Venezuelan military leader played a key role in the independence movements of several Latin American countries, including Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. He is often referred to as the "Libertador" (Liberator) and is considered one of the most important figures in Latin American history. What was his name?

Venezuela

Simon Bolivar led this country during its fight for independence from Spain. Bolivar played a key role in their independence movement, and the country gained its independence in 1821.Which Latin American country was led by Simon Bolivar during its fight for independence from Spain?

Toussaint L’Ouverture

The Haitian Revolution lasted from 1791 to 1804 and resulted in the abolition of slavery and the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation. Who was the leader of the Haitian Revolution, which resulted in the first independent Black nation in the Americas?

Brazil

This country had been a colony of Portugal since 1500, but in 1822, Prince Pedro declared their independence and became its first emperor. Which Latin American country won its independence from Portugal in 1822?

Francisco Pizarro

This Spanish conquistador who is best known for conquering the Inca Empire in Peru led a small army of Spanish soldiers to the Inca Empire in the early 16th century, where they captured and killed the Inca emperor Atahualpa and ultimately claimed the empire for Spain. What was the name of this Spanish conquistador?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A treaty was signed on February 2, 1848, and ended the war between Mexico and the United States. It established the Rio Grande as the border between the two countries and ceded a significant amount of territory from Mexico to the United States, including California, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. What was the name of the treaty that ended the Mexican-American War in 1848?

Jose Marti

This Cuban poet and journalist who led the fight for Cuban independence from Spain was a key figure in the Cuban struggle for independence in the late 19th century and is considered a national hero in Cuba. He was instrumental in organizing the Cuba Revolutionary Party and played a leading role in the war against Spanish colonial rule. What was his name?

Daniel Ortega

This leader of the Nicaraguan Revolution was a key figure in the Sandinista National Liberation Front, which overthrew the dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza and established a socialist government in Nicaragua. He served as the President of Nicaragua from 1985 to 1990 and has been re-elected to the position multiple times since 2007. What is the name of this leader?

Lazaro Cardenas

This Mexican president led the country during the Mexican Revolution and implemented land reforms. He served as President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940 and is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in Mexican history. He implemented a series of land reforms that redistributed land from large landowners to peasant farmers, and also nationalized the oil industry in Mexico. What was his name?

Pedro II

This Brazilian emperor was the last emperor of Brazil, and he ruled from 1831 until he was overthrown in 1889. His reign was characterized by modernization and industrialization, and he is often remembered as one of Brazil s most important leaders. What was his name?

The Maya Civilization

Which civilization was one of the most dominant Indigenous societies of Mesoamerica (A term used to describe Mexico and Central America before the 16th century Spanish conquest)?.

Petita Ayarza Perez

This is a Panamanian Indigenous political leader and businesswoman. In the 2019 general election, she became the firt Guna woman to run for a seat as deputy and be elected to the National Assembly of Panama. She advocates for the righrs of Indigeous people, and specially for the empowerment of women of the Guna ethnic group. What is her name?

Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez

This Mexican patriot was a conspirator and supporter of the Mexican War of Independence who fought for independence against Spain in the early 19th century. She participated in a conspiracy to overthrow the Spanish rule in 1810. She is known as “La Corregidora”. What is her name?

Virgin of Guadalupe

This appearance of the Virgin Mary appeared to Juan Diego, and spoke to him in Nahuatl north of Mexico City in 1531. The Spanish had destroyed the temple of Tonantzin in honor of the Mexica mother goddess and replaced it with a shrine to the Virgin Mary. Over the years she became an important symbol of the Mexican Catholicism and Mexican nationalism. Her shrine is the most visited Catholic pilgrimage in the world and her celebration day is on December 12. What is her name?

Perú

In 1532, Francisco Pizarro González led the conquest of what modern South American nation?

Tupac Amaru II

Who was the leader of an indigenous uprising in Peru during the mid-18th century, who has left a legacy of inspiring indigenous rights, in South America and beyond?

90 percent

Of the over 6 million Africans who were enslaved during the Atlantic Slave trade, approximately what percent were brought to what is now Latin America?

Palmares

This community in Northeastern Brazil was made up of free Blacks, escaped slaves, indigenous people, and poor whites from 1605-1694. It was a community that operated outside of the Portugues Empire and was self governing. At its height it had 20,000 people and was ruled by Zumbi. The community was under constant attack by Europeans seeking to enslave its residents. What was this community’s name?

El Camino Real/ The Royal Road or the King’s Road

What is the name of the 600 mile road that connects all 21 Spanish missions in California?

Potosí (Bolivia) and Zacatecas (Mexico)

What two regions in Latin America had large silver mines that enriched Spain and many Spaniards during the 1600s-1800s?

The United Fruit Company

What is the name of the U.S. based company began operating in Central America and the Caribbean in 1899? It began to export and sell bananas, a fruit that was almost unknown in the U.S. The company developed a campaign aimed at housewives to teach them different ways to prepare bananas, including using it in milkshakes and puddings. This company played a pivotal role in Central American politics often putting leaders in power who supported business interests.

Joaquin Murrieta

What legendary figure is often called the Robin Hood of California history? He was a gold miner from Sonora during the California Gold Rush of the 1850s. He was accused of stealing a mule and his family was violently attacked. He then sought revenge against racist U.S. settlers and he was considered an outlaw. He became very popular among Mexicans since California had just been taken from Mexico in 1847 and new laws were hurting the Mexican, Native American, and Chinese populations.

Caste System (Casta System)

This system was used during colonial times to define racial purity and miscegenation. Terms such as Indios, Mulattos, Cholos, and Mestizo were used to define people’s race and therefore their social and economic classes.

Porfirio Diaz

Who was the Mexican general who served seven terms as president of Mexico, from 1877-1880 and 1884-1911. His election of 1910 acted as a catalyst for the Mexican Revolution, which was led by people such as Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt

What U.S. president pursued a Big Stick diplomacy in which the U.S. came to be the “policeman” of the Western Hemisphere in the early 20th Century? His policy was stated as a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It set the basis for U.S. military intervention in Central America and the Caribbean?

22 days

Dolores Huerta, a well-known labor activist and prominent leader in the American civil rights movement, participated in a hunger strike as a form of protest. How many did the hunger strike last?

Dolores Huerta

This labor leader and civil rights activist co-founded the United Farm Workers (UFW) with Cesar Chavez. She also co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the UFW.

Vietnam War

Gloria Anzaldua is a Chicana feminist and historian who has been involved in a variety of social justice causes, and was arrested for protesting against what war in 1969?

Gloria Anzaldua

She was an American scholar of Chicana feminism. Her book Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza is based on her life growing up on the Mexico-Texas border and incorporated her lifelong experiences of social and cultural marginalization into her work. What is her name?

Preschool and Special Education

After obtaining a bachelor degree from the Pan American University, now known as University of texas Rio Grande, what grade level did Gloria Anzaluda teach?

Cherrie Moraga

This writer, poet and Chicana feminist is a founding member of the social justice activist group La Red Chicana Indigena which is an organization of Chicanas fighting for education, culture rights, and Indigenous Rights. She is part of the faculty at the University of California, Santa Barbara in the English Department. What is her name?

Sandra Cisneros

A writer who has become one of the most celebrated Chicana authors of our time. Her works, including "The House on Mango Street" and "Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories," is named?

World War II

Under the Bracero program, Mexican workers were recruited by U.S. employers and brought to the U.S. under a government-sanctioned agreement. They were provided with housing and transportation, and their wages were determined by the U.S. government. The Bracero program was created to combat a labor shortage caused by what war?

Carmen Contreras Bozak

This woman was born on June 22, 1919, in Salinas, Puerto Rico, and grew up in New York City. Despite facing discrimination and prejudice due to her gender and ethnicity, She was also the was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the U.S

Vietnam war

In 1943, Carmen Contreras Bozak enlisted in the Women s Army Corps (WAC) and was sent to basic training in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. She was also the first hispanic women to serve in the US in what war

Chico Mendes

The Brazilian government has declared this environmentalist as the "Patron of the Brazilian Environment" for his fight in the 70's and 80's to preserve the Amazon rainforest, and advocating for the human rights of Brazilian peasants and Indigenous peoples. Who is this environmental activist?