Studied by 3 people
How many people died at Towton?
28,000
How many anti-French alliances did Edward IV create?
8
Give an example of one of Edward’s ‘new men’ and the job they were given
Hastings - Lord Chamberlain
Name a Woodville marriage that angered Warwick
Secret marriage between Edward IV to Elizabeth Woodville on 1st May 1464 Dowager Duchess of Norfolk and John Neville Anne Holland and Thomas Grey
How many Acts of Attainder did Edward IV pass?
130
Give an example of the policy of reconciliation
Duke of Somerset
What was Tiptoft’s nickname and why?
Butcher of England
Which battle ocurred on the 25th April 1464?
Hedgley Moor
Who was killed at the Battle of Hexham?
Somerset, Hungerford
Who was Edward’s Chancellor in 1461?
Lord Mountjoy (Warwick’s uncle)
Who was Lord Mountjoy replaced by?
Earl Rivers
What was the name of the French princess Warwick wanted Edward IV to marry?
Bona of Savoy
Name a castle that Margaret of Anjou seized in the North East?
Bamburgh
Which earl did Edward execute in 1462 for his Lancastrian support?
Earl of Oxford
Which bastard did Edward host in 1467?
Anthony - Bastard of Burgundy
Name a treaty Edward signed with Scotland?
The Treaty of York 1464 // Treaty of Newcastle 1465/6 - to stop the Lancastrians
Who was the French commander of Margaret’s troops who attacked from Scotland 1462 and the North East in 1464?
Pierre de Breze
When and where was Henry VI captured?
Clitheroe in 1465 - put in the Tower of London
Which title did Henry Bouchier receive for his loyalty?
Earl of Essex
Which ally let Edward down when he set out for his French campaign in 1468?
Brittany
Who did Edward place in charge of crushing the Lancastrian resistance in Wales?
Sir William Herbert
What title was John Neville awarded for his role in crushing Lancastrian resistance in the North East? (Why was it potentially controversial?)
Earl of Northumberland - considered a Percy title
Name a title/position Warwick was (re)appointed during Edward’s reign?
Captain of Calais + Lord of Cinque Ports
Who does Clarence marry and why is this problematic?
Isobel Neville - Edward refused to give his consent for this marriage
What disease did Edward IV catch, meaning he was unable to help crush Lancastrian resistance in 1464?
measles
Why had Margaret sent Audley to intercept Salisbury?
To block him from joining up with Warwick and York
Who won at Blore Heath and why was their victory so impressive?
Salisbury (Yorkists) - outnumbered 5000 v 10,000
Which 2 commanders led the Calais defection at the Battle of Ludford Bridge?
Sir Andrew Trollope + Blunt
What was Somerset awarded after the Parliament of Devils? (And why didn’t he recieve it?)
Somerset given title of Captain of Calais following Warwick’s Act of Attainder but was unable to claim it as Lord Wenlock refused to hand over garrison
What did London offer the Yorkists before Northampton?
London declares for the Yorkists, gives them £1000 and men
Which Lancastrian defected at Northampton?
Lord Grey de Ruthin - for support in a property dispute
When was the Act of Accord signed? (York became heir to throne, disinherited Prince Edward)
25th October 1460
What immediate, financial benefit did York gain from the Act of Accord?
Act of Accord entitled York to 10,000 marks per year until he became king
What happened to Richard’s body after Wakefield?
Margaret of Anjou ordered his head be put on a spike on the gates of York - paper crown to mock his claim to the throne
Which blood feud was settled at Wakefield?
Clifford’s brothers and Somerset sought out Richard and his son Edmund and kill them “as your father slew mine”
Why did Margaret of Anjou allow her troops to pillage after Wakefield?
Margaret was without funds so she was obliged to promise the troops unlimited plunder once they were South of the Trent
How did the Crowland Chronicle describe the Lancastrian Army on their march South in early 1461?
“a plague of locusts”
How many people died at Towton?
28,000
What was the balance of noble support at Towton?
19 Lancastrians, 8 Yorkists
What is the name for the 3 suns that appeared in the sky at Mortimer’s Cross? Meanings?
Parhelion - 3 Sons of York/Holy Trinity
Which Lancastrian leader was captured and publicly executed by Edward after Mortimer’s Cross?
Owen Tudor, Hereford Market Square
What were the names of the 2 Yorkist soldiers who protected Henry VI at the 2nd Battle of St Albans?
Bonville + Kyriell
What happened to Bonville + Kyriell?
Henry VI wanted mercy but Margaret of Anjou manipulated Edward into sentencing them to death (he was 8)
What was Lovelace offered to encourage him to betray Warwick at the 2nd Battle of St Albans?
Lovelace was offered the Earldom of Kent by Margaret for his defection
Who oversaw the coronation of Edward IV on 28th June 1461 and where?
Archbishop Bourchier oversaw the coronation ceremony of Edward IV at Westminster Abbey
Name a Lancastrian captured/killed at Towton
Earl of Northumberland killed at Towton Earl of Devon + Earl of Wiltshire were captured and executed after the battle
At which 2 battles was Henry VI captured?
Northampton by the Yorkists 2nd Battle of St Albans by the Lancastrians
Which two nobles did Richard, Duke of York and Warwick have to pay compensation to?
Lord Clifford + Duke of Somerset
After the Second Protectorate, York is paid for that Protectorate and the first one. How much did he receive?
£1806
25th May 1455 ‘Crown Wearing ceremony’ at St Paul’s. Who puts the crown on Henry’s head? (Who should?)
Richard Duke of York (Archbishop of Canterbury)
9th July: Parliament is called (known as the conciliation parliament). Name two things Henry decrees at this parliament.
People were forbidden to talk of the battle ever again. Somerset is blamed for battle. General pardon issued.
Name two people, and the positions that they gained in July 1455
York appointed: his brother-in-law Viscount Bouchier to be TreasurerSalisbury was given role of Chancellor of the duchy of LancasterArchbishop Thomas Bouchier remained in post as Chancellor and became increasingly aligned with Yorkists.Warwick’s man, John Wenlock was made speaker of the House
When did York’s Second Protectorate officially start and end?
Start: Nov 1455 End: Feb 1456
Who did Margaret of Anjou appoint as Keeper of the Privy Seal in Sept 1456?
Sir Lawrence Booth
Which two nobles helped to defeat a Scottish invasion in August 1456?
Richard Duke of York and Warwick
Name someone who benefited from Margaret of Anjou’s reshuffle in Oct 1456, and the role they gained
Henry Bouchier dismissed for Earl of Shrewsbury (treasurer)Archbishop Bouchier dismissed as chancellor for Bishop of Winchester
Name a castle which Margaret of Anjou prepared for conflict in 1457-8
January 1457 MoA ordered a vast stock of arms and ammunition to be sent to Kenilworth CastleTutbury Castle’s defenses were bolstered
Which French captain, and ally of MoA, plundered the town of Sandwich?
Pierre de Breze The victorious Frenchmen were seen to play tennis in the smoking ruins of the town. The Yorkists used this to launch further anti-Lancastrian propaganda
What did Margaret of Anjou introduce in Dec 1457? (And why was this criticised?)
December 1457 Margaret introduced conscription. (Yorkists said it was a French invention)
Give one piece of evidence to demonstrate the poor relationship between MoA and Warwick in 1458.
Margaret called Warwick to council to answer charges of piracy.He responded by arriving with 600 armed retainers Riots in London began in protest and in the confusion the Attorney General was murdered. MoA sent pikemen in to restore order. The trial collapsedWarwick accused MoA of trying to have him killed in the royal kitchens
Which title did Warwick refuse to give up to Somerset in Nov 1458?
Captain of Calais- Claimed only parliament had the authority to do so. He was attacked by retainers of Somerset and Clifford and returned to Calais
Name a couple made to hold hands at the Love Day ceremony in spring 1458.
York and MoA
Give evidence of military escalation surrounding Love Day
All came to London with retainersMoA ordered 500 pikes and 500 leaden coated clubs to be made, 3 new cannon immediately afterwards
What did the Mayor of Coventry gift to MoA? Why?
Valencian oranges (very expensive!) Moving court to Coventry
Who failed to attend the Council at Coventry in June 1459?
York, Salisbury, Warwick, Viscount Bouchier, Bishop of Exeter and the Archbishop of Canterbury
Who marched unopposed through London in Sept 1459?
Warwick Left Calais with 200 men at arms and 400 archers, leaving his uncle, Lord Fauconberg in charge. On 21st September 1459 he marched through London, unopposed
How did Margaret alter Warwick’s plan?
Use her army to block his path to Warwick Castle- he detoured to Ludlow to meet Richard Duke of York
Which nobles led the two sides at Blore Heath?
Salisbury- Yorkists Audley- Lancastrians
Why did the Yorkist leaders flee at Ludford Bridge?
Treachery of Calais Garrison: Trollope and Blunt Had promised troops H6 wouldn’t be there… he was!
How did the Yorkist leaders manage to flee?
Asked a friar to continue to fire cannons through the night to give the impression they were there
What was the nickname for the Parliament held in Nov 1459?
Parliament of Devils
How many acts of attainder were passed at the Nov 1459 Parliament?
27- including against Salisbury, Warwick and York
What school/college was founded in 1440 by Henry VI?
Eton
Name an educational institution founded by Henry VI
King’s College, Cambridge (1441)
What did the Pope award Henry VI for his piety?
The Golden Rose
How much was the crown debt in 1450?
£372,000
How much was Richard, Duke of York owed?
£38,000
What was Margaret of Anjou dubbed?
The 10 Mark Queen
Which treaty arranged the marriage of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou? (and who was responsible for it?)
Treaty of Tours (1444), arranged by the Duke of Suffolk
What was sold in 1448 in an attempt to ease the debts?
Crown Jewels
How many exemptions did Henry VI make to the Act of Resumption in 1450?
180
What were the numbers of troops gathered for both sides at Dartford?
York: 20,000 - Henry: 25,000
How did the Duke of Suffolk die?
On a boat, going into exile, decapitated by a rusty axe
Who replaced Richard, Duke of York as Lieutenant of France?
Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
Which land was lost in summer of 1453?
Gascony
How many bills did Margaret submit to parliament when requesting the regency, during Henry’s illness?
5
When was Prince Edward born?
October 1453
When Richard, Duke of York was made Protector, what action did he take against Somerset?
Put him in the Tower of London
How did Richard affect Margaret of Anjou’s power during his protectorate?
He reduced her household from 120 to 38 people, and then ordered her to leave London
Who did Cade’s rebels execute?
Lord Saye + Sherrif Crowmer
Give one piece of evidence to show Cade’s Rebellion was organised.
Wrote and issued a Manifesto, used church bells for announcements
Where was the main fighting during Cade’s Rebellion?
London Bridge
Where was the council held before Albans that spooked York, Warwick and Salisbury? Why?
Leicester - they weren’t invited, and the same thing had happened to Gloucester earlier and he was killed for treason
How was Henry VI harmed and protected during Cade’s rebellion, on whose orders?
He was shot in the soldier and taken to the Abbey on York’s orders
How many troops were involved at Albans?
8000 ish
Give two reasons Charles VII was in a stronger position against Henry VI in France, in 1450
Better taxation, had a standing army
Where was Henry VI during Cade’s rebellion?
Kenilworth Castle
How was Richard treated immediately after Dartford?
As a prisoner - walked in the front during the crown wearing ceremony
What was the area of Ireland called that Richard governed? What was unusual about his term?
The Pale, term set at 10 years (rather than 5)
Where and how was Somerset killed at St. Albans?
He hid in a pub and was killed with an axe
Note 
Flashcard (27)