OZ 8 What is the state of the ozone layer now?

Reaction of homolytic fission of haloalkanes when X in alkane group?

XCl + hv → X + Cl

Substitution

reaction in which one atom or group in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group

Nucleophile

a molecule or negatively charged ion with a lone pair of electrons that it can donate to a positively charged atom to form a covalent bond

nucleophilic subsitution

a nucleophile replacing another nucleophile

Nucleophilic substitution of OH to 1-bromobutane

General equation for nucleophilic substitution using Nu- as nucleophile and X as halogen

R— X + Nu⁻ → R — Nu + X⁻

Reaction of water and haloalkane

Hydrolysis reaction of water and haloalkane

R — X + H₂O → R — OH + H⁺ + X⁻

General formula of amines

R-NH₂

Why are water and ammonia nucleophiles?

lone pair of electrons on O and N

Conditions for a reverse hydrolysis reaction

strong acid

Describe the steps for a reaction of a halide with an alcohol

What is the trend in strength of carbon-halogen bond down the group?

weaker

Hydrolysis

nucleophilic substitution reaction, where water or hydroxide replaces the halogen

What is the most important factor in hydrolysis?

bond strength

Why does hydrolysis of carbon-halogen molecules get easier down the group?

bond gets weaker so break more easily

compounds get more reactive

Weaker bonds

faster hydrolysis

Conditions for hydrolysis

reflux

heat